King Edward I of England ^{1 2}

   Other names for Edward were Edward I "Hammer of the Scots" and Edward I "Longshanks" King of England.

  Research Notes:

From Wikipedia - Edward I of England :

Edward I (17 June 1239 - 7 July 1307 ), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as "Edward the Lawgiver" or "the English Justinian" because of his legal reforms, and as "Hammer of the Scots",[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and tried (but failed) to do the same to Scotland . He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on 20 November 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III . His mother was queen consort Eleanor of Provence .
As regnal post-nominal numbers were a Norman (as opposed to English) custom, Edward Longshanks is known as Edward I, even though he is the fourth King Edward, following Edward the Elder , Edward the Martyr , and Edward the Confessor ....

Childhood and marriage to Eleanor
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the evening of 17 June 1239 .[3] He was an older brother of Beatrice of England , Margaret of England and Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster . He was named after Edward the Confessor . [4] From 1239 to 1246 Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard (the son of Godfrey Giffard ) and his wife, Sybil, who had been one of the midwives at Edward's birth. On Giffard's death in 1246, Bartholomew Pecche took over. Early grants of land to Edward included Gascony , but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed by Henry to seven years as royal lieutenant in Gascony in 1248, a year before the grant to Edward, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from the province.
Edward's first marriage (age 15) was arranged in 1254 by his father and Alfonso X of Castile . Alfonso had insisted that Edward receive grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year and also asked to knight him; Henry had already planned a knighthood ceremony for Edward but conceded. Edward crossed the Channel in June, and was knighted by Alfonso and married to Eleanor of Castile (age 13) on 1 November 1254 in the monastery of Las Huelgas .
Eleanor and Edward would go on to have sixteen children, and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses , one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night. His second marriage, (age 60) at Canterbury on September 10 , 1299 , to Marguerite of France , (age 17) (known as the "Pearl of France" by her English subjects), the daughter of King Philip III of France (Phillip the Bold) and Maria of Brabant , produced three children...

Welsh Wars

Edward I depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902 )
One of King Edward's early moves was the conquest of Wales . Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery , Llywelyn ap Gruffydd had extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher Lords , and gained the title of Prince of Wales although he still owed homage to the English monarch as overlord. King Edward refused to recognize this Treaty - which had been concluded by his father - and in 1275, pirates in King Edward's pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort , Simon de Montfort's only daughter, from France to Wales , where she expected to marry Llywelyn. Edward then imprisoned her at Windsor . After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to Edward in 1274-1275, Edward raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in 1276-1277. After this campaign, Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to Edward and was stripped of all but a rump of territory in Gwynedd . But Edward allowed Llywelyn to retain the title of Prince of Wales , and the marriage with Eleanor de Montfort went ahead.
Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282. But Edward quickly destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing, and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he commenced the construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which Caernarfon Castle provides a notable surviving example.
Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301, Edward dubbed his eldest son Edward first Prince of Wales , since which time the eldest son of most English monarchs have borne the same title, the only exception being Edward III .

Scottish Wars

Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As Duke of Aquitaine , Edward was a vassal to the French king.
Edward then turned his attentions to Scotland. He had planned to marry off his son and heir Edward , to the heiress Margaret, the Maid of Norway , but when Margaret died with no clear successor, the Scottish Guardians invited Edward's arbitration, to prevent the country from descending into dynastic war. Before the process got underway Edward insisted that he be recognized as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm and, after some initial resistance, this precondition was finally accepted.
Edward presided over a feudal court held at the castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed in November 1292, where judgment was given in favour of John Balliol over other candidates . Balliol was chosen as the candidate with the strongest claim in feudal law, but Edward subsequently used the concessions he had gained to undermine the authority of the new king even summoning Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in 1293. Edward also made it clear he expected John's military and financial support against France. This was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England.
In response Edward gathered his largest army yet (25,000) and razed Berwick , massacring almost the whole population of 11,000 inhabitants. During the Scottish campaign, he made extensive use of a large trebuchet called the Warwolf .
After Berwick, he proceeded to Dunbar and Edinburgh , also removing the Stone of Destiny from Perth to Westminster Abbey. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear an oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English viceroys .
Opposition sprang up (see Wars of Scottish Independence ), and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace , on 23 August 1305 , having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk (1298) .
Edward was known to be fond of falconry and horse riding . The names of his horses have survived: Lyard, his war horse; Ferrault his hunting horse; and his favourite, Bayard. At the Siege of Berwick, Edward is said to have led the assault personally, using Bayard to leap over the earthen defences of the city.

Later career and death
Edward's later life was fraught with difficulty, as he lost his beloved first wife Eleanor and his heir failed to develop the expected kingly character.
Edward's plan to conquer Scotland never came to fruition during his lifetime, however, as he died in 1307 at Burgh-by-Sands , Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots under the leadership of Robert the Bruce . According to chroniclers, Edward desired to have his bones carried on Scottish military campaigns, and that his heart be taken to the Holy Land. Against his wishes, Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey in a plain black marble tomb, which in later years was painted with the words Scottorum malleus, Latin for Hammer of the Scots.[7] He was buried in a lead casket wishing to be moved to the usual regal gold casket only when Scotland was fully conquered and part of the Kingdom of England.
On 2 January 1774 , the Society of Antiquaries opened the coffin and discovered that his body had been perfectly preserved for 467 years. His body was measured to be 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm).[8]
To this day he still lies in the lead casket - although the thrones of Scotland and England were united in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I and the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne, and the Kingdom of Great Britain was created in 1707 by the Acts of Union 1707 , uniting Scotland and England in an incorporating union, the conquest Edward envisaged was never completed. His son, King Edward II of England , succeeded him...

Issue
Children of Edward and Eleanor:
Eleanor , born ca. 17 June 1264 (or possibly as late as 1269, although the issue rolls of 1302 describe her as Edward's eldest daughter) and died 12 October 1298 . She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon , who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and on 20 September 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar .
Joan, born Summer 1265, either in Paris, or perhaps at Abbeville, Ponthieu. She died in France but was buried at Westminster Abbey before September 7 , 1265 .
John, born at either Windsor or Kenilworth Castle June or July 10 , 1266 , died August 1 or 1271 at Wallingford , in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall . Buried at Westminster Abbey .
Henry , born on July 13 1267/8 at Windsor Castle, died October 14 , 1274 either at Merton, Surrey, or at Guildford Castle.
Alice, born at Woodstock Palace, Oxon, but the date of her birth is unknown. May have died at the age of twelve. Sometimes identified with the child, Isabella, born in March 1279 , but this cannot be correct, as that infant's funeral took place during the same year.
Juliana (also known as Katherine) born at Acre, Palestine, in 1271, and died there on 28 May or 5 September 1271
Joan of Acre . Born at Acre in Spring 1272 and died at her manor of Clare, Suffolk on April 23 , 1307 and was buried in the priory church of the Austin friars, Clare, Suffolk. She married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford , (2) Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer .
Alphonso, Earl of Chester , born either at Bayonne, at Bordeaux, Gascony or at Maine 24 November 1273 , died 14 or 19 August 1284 , at Windsor Castle, buried in Westminster Abbey .
Margaret , born September 11 , 1275 at Windsor Castle and died in 1318, being buried in the Collegiate Church of St. Gudule, Brussels. She married John II of Brabant .
Berengaria (also known as Berenice), born 1 May 1276 at Kempton Palace, Surrey and died on June 27 , 1278 , buried in Westminster Abbey .
Mary, born 11 March or 22 April 1278 at Windsor Castle and died 8 July 1332 , a nun in Amesbury , Wiltshire , England.
Isabella, born on 12 March 1279 , either at Woodstock Palace, Oxon, at Windsor Castle or at Marlbourgh Castle Wiltshire, she died in 1279, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan , born August 1282 at Rhuddlan Castle, Flintshire, Wales, died c.5 May 1316 at Quendon, Essex, in childbirth, and was buried in Walden Abbey, Essex. She married (1) John I, Count of Holland , (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex .
Edward II of England , also known as Edward of Caernarvon , born 25 April 1284 at Caernarvon Castle, Wales, murdered 21 September 1327 at Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, buried in Gloucester Cathedral. He married Isabella of France .
Beatrice born after 12 August 1286 either in Gascony or in Aquitaine. She died young.
Blanche born in 1289/90 and died young.
Children of Edward and Marguerite:
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk born 1 June 1300 at Brotherton, Yorkshire, died between the 4 August and 20 September 1338, was buried in the abbey of Bury-St.-Edmunds, married (1) Alice Hayles, with issue; (2) Mary Brewes, with issue.
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent , 5 August 1301 at Woodstock Palace, Oxon, married Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell with issue. Executed by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer on the 19 March 1330 following the overthrow of Edward II.
Eleanor, born 4 May 1306 at Winchester, died in 1311 at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hants.

References
Michael Prestwich , Edward I (London: Methuen, 1988, updated edition Yale University Press , 1997 ISBN 0-300-07209-0 )
Thomas B. Costain, The Three Edwards (Popular Library, 1958, 1962, ISBN 0-445-08513-4 )
The Times Kings & Queens of The British Isles, by Thomas Cussans (page 84, 86, 87) ISBN 0-0071-4195-5
GWS Barrow, Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of scotland

  Noted events in his life were:

• King of England, 1272-1307.

Edward married Eleanor of Castile, Countess of Ponthieu, daughter of Fernando III of Castile King of Castile and Leon and Jeanne de Dammartin, on 18 Oct 1254 in Monastery of Las Huelgas. (Eleanor of Castile, Countess of Ponthieu was born in 1241 in Castile, Spain, died on 28 Nov 1290 in Harby, Nottinghamshire, England and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London, Midlesex, England.)

  Marriage Notes:

Wikipedia has m. 1 Nov 1254. Source: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. by William R. Beall & Kaleen E. Beall, Baltimore, 2008, Line 1-27 has m. 18 Oct 1254.

Edward next married Marguerite of France, daughter of Philip III "the Bold" King of France and Marie of Brabant, on 8 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. (Marguerite of France was born about 1275 and died on 14 Feb 1317-1318 in Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, Wiltshire, England.)