Descendants of WINITHAR, King of the Ostrogoths (c. 384- )

Research Notes: From http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875430 :
Succeeded Hunimund as King of the Ostragoths @ 400 A.D.

Second Generation

2. Vandalarius of the Ostrogoths (Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 405 in Spain and died about 459 about age 54.

Research Notes: FamilySearch.org Compact Disc #94 Pin #308143 (submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer)

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875429 has b. abt 415, d. 459.

Third Generation

3. Theodemir King of the Ostrogoths (Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 430 in Spain and died in 474 about age 44.

Research Notes: FamilySearch.org Compact Disc #94 Pin #308142 (submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer)

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875427 has b. abt 441, d. 475.

Theodemir married Erelieva , Queen of the Ostrogoths.¹ ² Erelieva was born about 434 in Spain.

+ 5 M i. Theodoric King of Italy was born about 467 in Pannonia (Hungary) and died in 526 in Italy about age 59.

Fourth Generation

4. Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths ³ ⁴ (Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 454 in Pannonia (Hungary) and died on 30 Aug 526 in Ravenna, Italy about age 72.

Research Notes: Raised as a hostage in Constantinople.

From Wikipedia - Theodoric the Great :
Theodoric the Great (Gothic : Þiudareiks; Latin : Fl Theodoricus; Greek : (Thev'ðerichos, ??v'ð?rixos ); Old English : Þ; German : Dietrich von Bern ; Old Norse : Þjóðrekr, Þiðrek; 454 - August 30 , 526 ), was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526),[1] ruler of Italy (493-526), regent of the Visigoths (511-526), and a viceroy of the (Eastern) Roman Empire. He became a hero of Germanic legend.

Youth

The man who ruled under the name of Theodoric was born in 454 on the banks of the Neusiedler See near Carnuntum , a year after the Ostrogoths had thrown off nearly a century of domination by the Huns . The son of the King Theodemir and Erelieva , Theodoric went to Constantinople as a young boy, as a hostage to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the Byzantine Emperor Leo .

He lived at the court of Constantinople for many years and learned a great deal about Roman government and military tactics, which served him well when he became the Gothic ruler of a mixed but largely Romanized "barbarian people", as Oriental kingdoms used to call tribes living on the European continent, what is presently known as Western Europe [Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi] . Treated with favor by the Emperors Leo I and Zeno , he became magister militum (Master of Soldiers) in 483, and one year later he became consul . Afterwards, he returned to live among the Ostrogoths when he was 31 years old and became their king in 488.

Reign

At the time, the Ostrogoths were settled in Byzantine territory as foederati (allies) of the Romans, but were becoming restless and increasingly difficult for Zeno to manage. Not long after Theodoric became king, the two men worked out an arrangement beneficial to both sides. The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with Odoacer , the King of Italy who had overthrown the Western Roman Empire in 476. Ostensibly a viceroy for Zeno, Odoacer was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy. At Zeno's encouragement, Theodoric invaded Odoacer's kingdom.

Theodoric came with his army to Italy in 488, where he won the battles of Isonzo and Verona in 489 and at the Adda in 490. In 493 he took Ravenna . On February 2, 493, Theodoric and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy. A banquet was organised in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet that Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer with his own hands.

Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly only a viceroy for the emperor in Constantinople. In reality, he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theodoric were as equals. Unlike Odoacer, however, Theodoric respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.

Theodoric the Great sought alliances with, or hegemony over, the other Germanic kingdoms in the west. He allied with the Franks by his marriage to Audofleda , sister of Clovis I , and married his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Visigoths , Vandals and Burgundian . He stopped the Vandals from raiding his territories by threatening the weak Vandal king Thrasamund with invasion, and sent a guard of 5,000 troops with his sister Amalfrida when she married Thrasamund in 500. For much of his reign, Theodoric was the de facto king of the Visigoths as well, becoming regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson Amalric , following the defeat of Alaric II by the Franks under Clovis in 507. The Franks were able to wrest control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths, but otherwise, Theodoric was able to defeat their incursions.

Thedoric's achievements began to unravel even before his death. He had married his daughter Amalasuntha to the Visigoth Eutharic , but Eutharic died in 522 or 523, so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established. In 522, the Catholic Burgundian king Sigismund killed his own son, Theodoric's grandson, Sergeric. Theodoric retaliated by invading, probably in 523, annexing the southern part of the Burgundian kingdom. The rest was ruled Sigismund's Arian brother Godomar , under Gothic protection against the Franks who had captured Sigismund. This brought the territory ruled by Theodoric to its height (see map), but in 523 or 524 the new Catholic Vandal king Hilderic imprisoned Amalfrida, and killed her Gothic guard. Theodoric was planning an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died in 526.

Family and Issue
Theodoric was married once.

He had a concubine in Moesia , name unknown, and had two daughters:
Theodegotha (ca. 473 - ?). In 494, she was married to Alaric II as a part of her father's alliance with the Visigoths.
Ostrogotha or Arevagni (ca. 475 - ?). In 494 or 496, she was married to the king Sigismund of Burgundy as a part of her father's alliance with the Burgundians.

Married to Audofleda in 493 and had one daughter:
Amalasuntha , Queen of the Goths. She was married to Eutharic and had two children: Athalaric and Matasuentha (the latter being married to Witiges first, then, after Witiges' death, married to Germanus Justinus , neither had children). Any hope for a reconciliation between the Goths and the Romans in the person of a Gotho-Roman Emperor from this family lineage was shattered.

After his death in Ravenna in 526, Theodoric was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric . Athalaric was at first represented by his mother Amalasuntha, who was a regent queen from 526 until 534. The kingdom of the Ostrogoths, however, began to wane and was conquered by Justinian I starting in 535 and finally ending in 553 with the Battle of Mons Lactarius ."

Theodoric married Audefleda Meroving, Princess of the Franks,⁵ daughter of Childeric I , King of the Salian Franks and Basina Andovera , of Thuringia, in 493. Audefleda was born about 452 in Westphalia, Germany and died on 30 Apr 535 in Ravenna, Italy about age 83.

+ 6 F i. Ostrogotha ⁴ ⁶ was born about 475. (Relationship to Father: Biological, Relationship to Mother: Step)

Theodoric had a relationship with < > , of Moesia [Concubine of Theodoric].⁴

+ 8 F ii. Ostrogotha ⁴ ⁶ was born about 475. (Relationship to Father: Biological, Relationship to Mother: Biological)

5. Theodoric King of Italy (Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 467 in Pannonia (Hungary) and died in 526 in Italy about age 59.

Research Notes: From http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875425 :
Became King of Italy when he conquered the Ostrogoths under Odacaer with the permission of Roman Emperor Zeno. The title was illegitemate but nonetheless recognised by his contemporaries. Taken as a youth (age 8) to Constantinople as a hostage.

Fifth Generation

6. Ostrogotha ⁴ ⁶ (Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 475.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Theodoric the Great :

Theodoric was married once.

He had a concubine in Moesia , name unknown, and had two daughters:
Theodegotha (ca. 473 - ?). In 494, she was married to Alaric II as a part of her father's alliance with the Visigoths.
Ostrogotha or Arevagni (ca. 475 - ?). In 494 or 496, she was married to the king Sigismund of Burgundy as a part of her father's alliance with the Burgundians.

Married to Audofleda in 493 and had one daughter:
Amalasuntha , Queen of the Goths. She was married to Eutharic and had two children: Athalaric and Matasuentha (the latter being married to Witiges first, then, after Witiges' death, married to Germanus Justinus , neither had children). Any hope for a reconciliation between the Goths and the Romans in the person of a Gotho-Roman Emperor from this family lineage was shattered.

Ostrogotha married Sigismund , of Burgundy,¹¹ son of Gundobad , King of Burgundy and Unknown, 494 or 496. Sigismund died in 524.

7. Theodegotha ⁷ (Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 473.

Theodegotha married Alaric II , King of the Visigoths,¹³ ¹⁴ son of Euric , King of the Visigoths and Unknown, in 494. Alaric was born about 470 in Italy and died in 507 about age 37.

8. Ostrogotha ⁴ ⁶ (Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 475.

Ostrogotha married Sigismund , of Burgundy,¹¹ son of Gundobad , King of Burgundy and Unknown, 494 or 496. Sigismund died in 524.

9. Theodora ⁹ ¹⁰ (Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 503 in Italy.

Theodora married Severinus , Count of Cartagena.¹⁷ ¹⁸ Severinus was born about 501 in Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.

Sixth Generation

10. Suavegotha ¹² (Ostrogotha⁶, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 495.

Suavegotha married Theuderic I , King of Rheims (Metz, Austrasia),¹⁹ son of Clovis I , King of the Franks and Clotilde , Queen of the Franks. Theuderic was born about 485 and died in 534 about age 49.

11. Sigeric (Ostrogotha⁶, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) died in 522.

12. Amalaric King of the Visigoths ¹⁵ ¹⁶ (Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 502 in Ravenna, Italy and died in 531 in Barcelona, (Spain) about age 29.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Amalaric :

Amalaric, or in Spanish and Portuguese , Amalarico, (502[1] - 531) was a son of king Alaric II and of Theodegotho, daughter of Theodoric the Great and his first wife. Amalaric was himself king of the Visigoths from 526 till he was assassinated in 531.

He was a child when his father fell in battle against Clovis I , king of the Franks , in 507. Gesalec was chosen king and the child Amalaric was carried for safety into Hispania . After Gesalec was killed in 511, the country and Provence was thenceforth ruled by Amalaric's maternal grandfather, Theodoric the Ostrogoth, acting through his vice regent, Theudis , an Ostrogothic nobleman. In 522 the young Amalaric was proclaimed king, and four years later, on Theodoric's death, he assumed full royal power in Hispania and that part of Languedoc called Septimania , relinquishing Provence to his cousin Athalaric . He married Chrotilda , daughter of Clovis I ; but his disputes with her, he being an Arian and she a Catholic , brought on him the penalty of a Frankish invasion by Childebert I , king of Paris . Amalaric was defeated at Narbonne in 531 and retreated behind the walls of Barcelona , where he was assassinated by his own troops.[1]

Amalaric married Clotilda , Princess of the Franks,²⁰ ²¹ daughter of Clovis I , King of the Franks and Clotilde , Queen of the Franks, in 511. Clotilda was born in 497 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, Francia (France), died in 531 in Spain at age 34, and was buried in Paris, (Île-de-France), France.

13. Theodosia of Cartagena (Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 525 in Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.

Research Notes: FamilySearch.org Compact Disc #94 Pin #105743 (submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer) has b. abt 525 in Cartagena, Spain.

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875422 has b. abt 532.
Theodosia was a sister of St. Isidore.

Theodosia married Liuvigild , King of the Visigoths,²⁵ ²⁶ son of Amalaric , King of the Visigoths and Clotilda , Princess of the Franks. Liuvigild was born about 519 in Spain and died in 586 about age 67.

+ 17 M ii. Hermengild was born about 556 in Spain and died in 585 about age 29.

Seventh Generation

14. Athanagild King of Hispania and Septimania ²² ²³ ²⁴ (Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 508 in (Spain) and died in 567 about age 59.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Athanagild :

Athanagild (died 567) was Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania . With the help of a Roman force, including a fleet to watch the coasts, sent from Gaul in 551 by the emperor of the eastern Roman empire, Justinian , Athanagild defeated and killed his predecessor, King Agila , near Seville in 554. Athanagild then became king.

But the ports and coastal fortifications taken in the name of Athanagild weren't swiftly turned over by his Byzantine allies. Athanagild was able to recover a few cities but was forced to cede a large portion of Hispania Baetica (Andalusia) to a Byzantine governor of high standing but advanced years named Liberius . Liberius set about enlarging the gift.

Athanagild then endeavoured to drive his Roman allies out of Iberia but was unsuccessful. He had invited the establishment of a Byzantine exclave in the south, that would last for a further seventy years. It seems clear that the Roman population of Baetica was solidly behind this orthodox patrician Roman governor.

There are few details about this far western extension of Byzantine power, which is overlooked by Justinian's historians Procopius and Agathius . It straddled the Straits of Gades and included major cities: New Carthage (Cartagena ), Corduba (Córdoba ), and Assionia.

Although throughout his rule he had to fight the Byzantines, the Franks , and the Suevi , and was harassed in the Pyrenees by the Basques , Athanagild strengthened his kingdom internally by conciliating the Catholics , whom his Arian predecessors had oppressed. When the king of the Suevi declared for Catholic Christianity about 560, Athanagild and the Visigothic nobility found themselves isolated in their Arianism .

Athanagild's court at the city he founded, Toledo , was famed for its splendor. His queen was Goiswintha , who gave him two daughters: Brunhilda and the tragically murdered Galswintha , who married the Frankish brother-kings Sigebert I of Austrasia and Chilperic , king of the Neustrian Franks, who set aside his first wife in favor of Galswintha, then had her strangled.

Athanagild died peacefully in his bed, a fact his chronicler didn't overlook, and was succeeded by his brothers Liuva I and the powerful restorer of Visigothic unity, Liuvigild , last of the Arian Visigoths.

+ 18 F i. Brunhilda of Austrasia ³² ³³ ³⁴ was born about 543 in <Toledo>, Spain and died in 613 in Metz, Moselle, France about age 70.

15. Liuvigild King of the Visigoths ²⁵ ²⁶ (Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 519 in Spain and died in 586 about age 67.

Liuvigild married Theodosia , of Cartagena, daughter of Severinus , Count of Cartagena and Theodora. Theodosia was born about 525 in Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.

16. Reccared I Visigothic King of Hispania ²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ (Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 544 in Spain and died in Jun 601 about age 57.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Reccared I :

Reccared (or Recared) I (586-601) was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula ). His reign marked a climactic shift in history, with the king's renunciation of traditional Arianism in favor of Catholic Christianity in 587.

Reccared was the younger son of King Liuvigild by his first wife. Like his father, Reccared had his capital at Toledo . The Visigothic kings and nobles were traditionally Arian Christians , while the Hispano-Roman population were Trinitarian Catholics . The Catholic bishop Leander of Seville was instrumental in converting the elder son and heir of Liuvigild, Hermenegild , to Trinitarian Christianity. Leander supported him in a war of rebellion and was exiled for his role.

When King Liuvigild died, within a few weeks of April 21, 586, St. Leander was swift to return to Toledo. The new king had been associated with his father in ruling the kingdom and was acclaimed king by the Visigothic nobles without opposition. Guided by his Merovingian kinship connections and by his Arian stepmother Goiswinth , he sent ambassadors to greet her grandson Childebert II and to his uncle Guntram , the Frankish king of Burgundy , proposing peace and a defensive alliance. Guntram refused to see them.

In January 587 , Reccared renounced Arianism for Catholicism , the single great event of his reign and the turning point for Visigothic Hispania . Most Arian nobles and ecclesiastics followed his example, certainly those around him at Toledo, but there were Arian uprisings, notably in Septimania , his northernmost province, beyond the Pyrenees , where the leader of opposition was the Arian bishop Athaloc , who had the reputation among his Catholic enemies of being virtually a second Arius . Among the secular leaders of the Septimanian insurrection, the counts Granista and Wildigern appealed to Guntram of Burgundy, who saw his opportunity and sent his dux Desiderius. Reccared's army defeated the Arian insurgents and their Catholic allies with great slaughter, Desiderius himself being slain...

The information for the rest of Reccared's reign is scanty. St. Isidore of Seville , bishop Leander's brother, praises his peaceful government, clemency, and generosity: standard encomia. He returned various properties, even some privates ones, that had been confiscated by his father, and founded many churches and monasteries. St. Gregory the Great , writing to Reccared in Aug. 599 (Epp. ix. 61, 121), extols him for embracing the true faith and inducing his people to do so, and notably for refusing the bribes offered by Jews to procure the repeal of a law against them. He sends him a piece of the True Cross , some fragments of the chains of St. Peter , and some hairs of St. John the Baptist .

Reccared was succeeded by his youthful son Liuva II .

Notes
^ St. Isidore, Historia Gothorum.
^ Aloysius Ziegler, Church and State in Visigothic Spain (Washington) 1930: "Ziegler unhesitatingly characterizes the kings. as 'fanatically zealous'" (Bacharach 1973:11.
^ Notably Bernard S. Bachrach , in Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe (University of Minnesota Press) 1977; see also Bacharach, "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589-711", The American Historical Review 78.1 (February 1973), pp. 11-34.
^ Solomon Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Gaul and Spain (Harvard University Press) 1937 gives the broad background.
^ Bacharach 1973:15.
^ Thompson, The Goths in Spain (Oxford University Press) 1969:112.

Reccared married Chlodosind , Princess of Austrasia,³⁵ ³⁶ daughter of Sigebert I , of Austrasia and Brunhilda , of Austrasia. Chlodosind was born about 550 in Austrasia (France).

17. Hermengild (Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 556 in Spain and died in 585 about age 29.

Research Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875281

Hermengild married Ingunda, daughter of Sigebert I , of Austrasia and Brunhilda , of Austrasia, in 580. Ingunda was born about 558 in France.

Eighth Generation

18. Brunhilda of Austrasia ³² ³³ ³⁴ (Athanagild , King of Hispania and Septimania¹⁴, Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 543 in <Toledo>, Spain and died in 613 in Metz, Moselle, France about age 70.

Research Notes: The younger of Athanagild's two daughters.

From Wikipedia - Brunhilda of Austrasia :

Brunhilda[1] (c. 543 - 613 ) was a Frankish queen who ruled the eastern kingdoms of Austrasia and Burgundy in the names of her sons and grandsons. Initially known as a liberal ruler of great political acumen, she became notorious for her cruelty and avarice.

Life
She was possibly born about 543 in Toledo , the Visigothic capital, the daughter of the Visigoth king Athanagild and Goiswintha , his queen. She was the younger of his two daughters. She was only eleven years old when her father was elevated to the kingship (554). She was educated in Toledo as an Arian Christian .

First marriage
In 567 , she was married to king Sigebert I of Austrasia, a grandson of Clovis I who had sent an embassy to Toledo loaded with gifts. She joined him at Metz . Upon her marriage, she abjured Arianism and converted to orthodox Roman Catholicism .[2]

Sigebert's father, Clotaire I , had reunited the four kingdoms of the Franks, but when he died, Sigebert and his three brothers divided them again. According to Gregory of Tours , Sigebert's marriage to a Visigothic princess was a criticism of his brothers' choices in wives. Instead of marrying low-born and promiscuous women, Sigebert contracted a princess of education and morals.

In response to Sigebert's noble marriage, his brother King Chilperic of Soissons sent to Spain for Brunhilda's sister, Galswintha . Gregory of Tours suggests that he proposed because he envied his brother's marriage to Brunhilda.[3] However, Galswintha ordered him to purge his court of prostitutes and mistresses and he soon grew tired of her. He and his favourite mistress, one Fredegund , conspired to murder her within the year. He then married Fredegund.

Brunhilda so detested Fredegund for the death of her sister-and this hatred was so fiercely reciprocated-that the two queens persuaded their husbands to go to war.[4] Sigebert persuaded their other brother, the elder Guntram of Burgundy , to mediate the dispute between the queens. He decided that Galswintha's dower of Bordeaux , Limoges , Cahors , Béarn , and Bigorre should be turned over to Brunhilda in restitution. However, Chilperic did not easily give up the cities and Brunhilda did not forget the murder. Germanus , Bishop of Paris , negotiated a brief peace between them. Between 567 and 570 , Brunhilda bore Sigebert three children: Ingund, Chlodosind, and Childebert .

The peace was then broken by Chilperic, who invaded the Sigebert's dominions. Sigebert defeated Chilperic, who fled to Tournai . The people of Paris hailed Sigebert as a conqueror when he went there with Brunhilda and their children. Germanus wrote to Brunhilda, asking her to persuade her husband to restore the peace and to spare his brother. Chroniclers of Germanus' life say that she ignored this; certainly Sigebert set out to besiege Tournai. Fredegund responded to this threat to her husband by hiring two assassins, who killed Sigebert at Vitry with poisoned daggers (scramasaxi , according to Gregory). Brunhilda was captured and imprisoned at Rouen .

Second marriage
When, after disobeying his father's direct orders, Merovech , son of Chilperic and Audovera , went to Rouen on pretext of visiting his mother, he fell in love with the widowed Brunhilda. Thus he strengthened his chances of becoming a king. His stepmother was determined that only her sons should succeed as kings, and she eliminated her husband's sons by other women. They were married by the bishop Praetextatus to prevent a scandal, though the marriage was contrary to canon law, as Gregory is quick to note,[5] Brunhilda being Merovech's aunt. Quickly, Chilperic besieged them in the church of St Martin on the walls. Eventually he made peace with them, but he took Merovech away with him to Soissons.

In an effort to nullify the marriage, Chilperic had Merovech tonsured and sent to the monastery of Le Mans to become a priest. Merovech fled to the sanctuary of St Martin at Tours, the church of Gregory (who is thus an eyewitness to these events),[6] and later Champagne . He finally returned to Tours in 578 , and when his bid for power failed, he asked his servant to kill him.[7]

First regency
Brunhilda now tried to seize the regency of Austrasia in the name of her son Childebert II , but she was resisted fiercely by her nobles and had to retire briefly to the court of Guntram of Burgundy before obtaining her goal. At that time, she ruled Austrasia as queen. Not being a fighter, she was primarily an administrative reformer, with a Visigothic education. She repaired the old Roman roads, built many churches and abbeys, constructed the necessary fortresses, reorganised the royal finances, and restructured the royal army. However, she antagonised the nobles by her continued imposition of royal authority wherever it was lax. To reinforce her positions and the crown's prestige and power, she convinced Guntram, newly heirless, to adopt Childebert as his own son and heir. This he did in 577 .[8] In 579 , she married her daughter Ingunda, then only thirteen, to the Visigothic prince Hermenegild , allying her house to that of the king of her native land. However, Hermenegild converted to Catholicism and he and his wife both died in the ensuing religious wars which tore apart the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.

Brunhilda ruled Austrasia until Childebert came of age in 583 , at the traditional Merovingian majority of thirteen.

Relations with King Guntram
The conflict with Fredegund flared up once more upon the death of Chilperic. Now in the regency in Neustria, Fredegund was in a position to renew the war with her old enemy. Firstly, however, Brunhilda had to deal with her own internal enemies.

Many of the dukes opposed strongly her influence over her son, the king. Three of them-Rauching, Ursio, and Berthefrid-conspired to assassinate Childebert; however, their plot was found out. Rauching was killed and Ursio and Berthefrid fled to a fortress. Upon this, Guntram immediately begged for Childebert, Brunhilda, and Childebert's new sons to take refuge at his court. This they did and soon Ursio and Berthefrid were killed. In 587 , Guntram, Childebert, and Brunhild settled the Pact of Andelot [9] securing for Childebert the Burgundian succession and a continuing alliance of the two realms for the rest of Guntram's life.

In that same year, King Reccared I of the Visigoths sent embassies to both Childebert and Guntram, the former accepting them and consolidating an alliance and the latter refusing to see them for some reason or another. Thus, when Brunhilda and Childebert negotiated a marriage for the king's sister Chlodosind with the king of Spain, it was rejected by Guntram and abandoned. In 592 , Guntram died and Childebert, as per the treaty, succeeded to his kingdom, immediately making war on Clotaire of Neustria.

Second regency
Upon Childebert's death in September or October 595 , Brunhilda attempted to govern Austrasia and Burgundy in the name of her grandsons Theudebert II and Theuderic II , respectively. Though she attributed the death of Childebert to Fredegund, the latter died in 597 and the direct conflict between her and Brunhilda ended. Peace would elude the Franks, however, for many years more as the conflict raged between the two queens' descendants.

In 599 , Brunhilda's eldest grandson, Theudebert, at whose court she was staying, exiled her. She was found wandering near Arcis in Champagne by a peasant, who brought her to Theuderic. The peasant was rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre , as the legend goes. Theuderic welcomed her and readily fell under her influence, which was inclined to vengeful war with Theudebert at the time. Soon the brothers were at war.

It is at this point that Brunhilda begins to display that ruthlessness which led to her especially violent demise. Brunhilda first took to herself Protadius as lover and, desiring to promote him to high office, conspired to have Berthoald , the mayor of the palace , killed. In 604 , she convinced Theuderic to send Berthoald to inspect the royal villae along the Seine . Clotaire, probably alerted by men of Brunhilda's bidding, sent his own mayor Landric (ironically, a former paramour of Fredegund) to meet Berthoald, who had only a small contingent of men with him. Realising that he had been the victim of courtly plotting, Berthoald, in the ensuing confrontation, overchased the enemy until he was surrounded and killed. Protadius was promptly put in his place.

Brunhilda and Protadius soon persuaded Theuderic to return to war with Theudebert, but the mayor was murdered by his warriors, who did not wish to fight to assuage to ego of queen. The man who ordered Protadius' execution, Duke Uncelen , was soon arrested by Brunhilda and tortured and executed. He was not the first ducal victim of the queen's revenges.
It was also during these later regencies that Desiderius , Bishop of Vienne (later Saint Didier) publicly accused her of incest and cruelty. Desiderius finally enraged her with a pointed sermon on chastity preached in 612 before her and Theuderic, with whom she hired three assassins to murder the bishop at the village now called Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne .
In that year, at the battle of Tolbiac , Theuderic defeated and captured Theudebert, whom the queen was now claiming was in fact the son of a gardener, and brought him and his royal paraphernalia to his Brunhilda, who had him put up in a monastery. She probably had him murdered (along with his son Merovech) to allow Theuderic to succeed to both thrones unhindered. This he did and died of dysentery in his Austrasian capital of Metz in late 613 .

Third regency
The successor of Theuderic II was his bastard son Sigebert , a child. The mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Warnachar , fearing that at his young age he would fall under the influence of his great-grandmother, brought him before a national assemby, where he was proclaimed by the nobles, who did homage to him over both his father's kingdoms. Nonetheless, he could not be kept out of the hands of Brunhilda. Thus, for the last time in a long life, she was regent of the Franks, this time for her own great-grandson.
But Warnachar and Rado , mayor of the palace of Burgundy, along with Pepin of Landen and Saint Arnulf , bishop of Metz , abandoned the cause of Brunhilda and the young king and joined with Clotaire, promising not to rise in defence of the queen-regent and recognising Clotaire as rightful regent and guardian of Sigebert. Brunhilda, with Sigebert, met Clotaire's army on the Aisne , but the dukes yet again betrayed her: the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted her and she and her king had to flee. As far as the Orbe they got, hoping to enlist the aid of certain German tribes, but Clotaire's minions caught up with them by the lake Neuchâtel . The young king and his brother Corbo were killed. Thus ended the long and bloody feud between Austrasia and Neustria, and reuniting the two kingdoms, Clotaire then had the entire realm of the Franks. Clotaire accused Brunhilda of the death of ten kings of the Franks[10]and many churchmen, including Desiderius. According to the Liber Historiae Francorum :
"Then the army of the Franks and Burgundians joined into one, all shouted together that death would be most fitting for the very wicked Brunhilda. Then King Clotaire ordered that she be lifted on to a camel and led through the entire army. Then she was tied to the feet of wild horses and torn apart limb from limb. Finally she died. Her final grave was the fire. Her bones were burnt."
One legend has her being dragged by a wild mare down the Roman road La Chaussée Brunehaut at Abbeville .

Religion
Brunhilda was raised as an Arian Christian , but upon her marriage to Sigebert, converted to Roman Catholicism. In general, she protected the church and treated Pope Gregory the Great with great respect. He wrote a series of positive letters to her; in 597 he wrote to her about interdicting pagan rites such as tree worship . Gregory of Tours was another favoured cleric; he was a trusted courtier to her and her son from 587 until his death. She also took a keen personal interest in the bishoprics and monasteries within her dominion. This brought her into conflict with Columbanus , abbot of Luxeuil , whom she eventually exiled to Italy, where he founded Bobbio . Brunhilda also played a role in perpetuating the diocese of Maurienne as a suffragan bishopric of the archdiocese of Vienne . In 576, Brunhilda's protector, Sigebert's brother Guntram, had founded the new bishopric at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne , separating the Maurienne Valley and the neighboring Susa Valley from the Diocese of Turin . The Bishop of Turin protested this to Brunhilda for more than twenty years, but even when Pope Gregory the Great supported his complaint in 599, Brunhilda dismissed it.

Brunhilda was buried in the Abbaye de St. Martin at Autun that she founded in 602 on the spot where the bishop of Tours had cut down a beech-tree that served as an object of pagan worship. The abbey was destroyed in 1793 and Brunhilda's sarcophagus is now in the Musée Lapidaire in Avignon .

Brunhilda commissioned the building of several churches and the abbey of St. Vincent at Laon (founded in 580 ). She is also credited with founding the castle of Bruniquel and having a Roman road resurfaced near Alligny-en-Morvan (where the name of a nearby hill Terreau Bruneau is believed to be derived from hers). The part of Mauves-sur-Loire known as la Fontaine Bruneau is named after Brunhilda who may have cooled herself with the fountain's water when she suffered heat exhaustion .

In legend
Many scholars have seen Brunhilda as inspiration for both Brunnhild and Kriemhild , two rival characters from the Nibelungenlied . Kriemhild married Siegfried , who in many respects resembles Sigebert, Brunhilda's husband. There is resemblance between a multitude of characters and events in the Nibelungenlied and those of the latter half of the sixth century in Merovingian Gaul. As Thomas Hodgkin remarks:

" Treasures buried in long departed days by kings of old, mysterious caves, reptile guides or reptile guardians - are we not transported by this strange legend into the very atmosphere of the Niebelungen Lied? And if the good king Gunthram passed for the fortunate finder of the Dragon-hoard, his brothers and their queens, by their wars, their reconciliations and their terrible avengings, must surely have suggested the main argument of that most tragical epic, the very name of one of whose heroines, Brunichildis, is identical with the name of the queen of Austrasia.[11] "

Notes
^ Her name has many forms, Brunhilda is the German form, it also happens to be the most common in English . In French , she is Brunehaut, in Spanish Brunegilda or Brunequilda. She is also called Brunilda, Brunichildis, Brunechildis, Brunichild, Brunechilde, Brunichilda, Brunhild, Brunhilde, Brünnhilde, Brünhild, Brynhild, or Brynhildr. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2004).
^ Gregory of Tours, IV.27.
^ Gregory, IV.28.
^ Gregory IV.47
^ Gregory V.2
^ Gregory V.14
^ Gregory V.18
^ Gregory VI.1
^ Gregory IX.20
^ The identity of the ten kings comes from the Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar . It is usually said to include Sigebert I, Chilperic I, Theudebert II, Theuderic II, Sigebert II, Merovech (Chilperic's son), Merovech (Theuderic's son), Corbo (Theuderic's son), and Childebert (Theuderic's son) and the sons of Theudebert.
^ Hodgkin, V, p 202. Retrieved from Northvegr .

--------------

Brunhilda married Sigebert I , of Austrasia, son of Clotaire I "le Vieux" , King of Soissons and King of the Franks and Ingonde. Sigebert was born in 535 in Metz, Moselle, France and died between 575 and 579 in Vitry, <Moselle>, France.

19. Suintila Visigothic King of Hispania (Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 585 in Spain and died in 633 about age 48.

Research Notes: FamilySearch.org Compact Disc #94 Pin #105749 (submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer) has name as Swinthila, King of the Visigoths, b. abt 564, d. 633.

http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593876475 has name as Suintilo, b. abt 585 in Spain, d. 631.

From Wikipedia - Suintila :

From 621 to 631 , Suintila (or Swinthila, Svinthila, d. 633) was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula ) . There was a new peace in the Kingdom of the Visigoths. As a direct result, by 624 , the king was able to retake those lands that had been under the control of Byzantium .
On the linguistic front, it was around Suintila's time that a secondary form of the word Hispania was growing in usage: Spania , from which the modern name of Spain originated.[1] According to St. Isidore of Seville , who died in 636 , it was with the Visigothic domination of Hispania that the idea of a peninsular unity was sought, and the phrase mater Spania ("mother Hispania") was first spoken. Up to that date it had been the word Hispania that designated all of the peninsula's lands. In Historia Gothorum, Suintila appears as the first king of totius Spaniae. In De laude Spaniae ("About Hispania's Pride") the country is dealt with as a Gothic nation.

Suintila married Theodora , Princess of the Visigoths, daughter of Sigebut , King of the Visigoths and Unknown. Theodora was born about 601 in Spain.

20. Liuva II King of the Visigoths (Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹)

21. Athanagildo (Hermengild¹⁷, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 582.

Research Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875279

Ninth Generation

22. Chlodosind Princess of Austrasia ³⁵ ³⁶ (Brunhilda , of Austrasia¹⁸, Athanagild , King of Hispania and Septimania¹⁴, Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 550 in Austrasia (France).

Chlodosind married Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania,²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ son of Liuvigild , King of the Visigoths and Theodosia , of Cartagena. Reccared was born about 544 in Spain and died in Jun 601 about age 57.

23. Childebert II King of Austrasia and King of Burgundy ³⁷ (Brunhilda , of Austrasia¹⁸, Athanagild , King of Hispania and Septimania¹⁴, Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born in 570 and died in 595 at age 25.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Childebert II :

Childebert II (570 -595 ) was the Merovingian king of Austrasia , which included Provence at the time, from 575 until his death in 595 , the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I , and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram .
Childhood
When his father was assassinated in 575, Childebert was taken from Paris by Gundobald, one of his faithful lords, to Metz (the Austrasian capital), where he was recognized as sovereign. He was then only five years old, and during his long minority the power was disputed between his mother Brunhilda and the nobles.

Chilperic II , king at Paris , and the Burgundian king Guntram, sought an alliance with Childebert, who was adopted by both in turn. Because Guntram was lord of half of Marseille , the district of Provence became a centre of a brief dispute between the two.

Guntram allied with Dynamius of Provence , who instigated the canons of the Diocese of Uzès to elect their deacon Marcellus, son of the senator Felix, as bishop in opposition to their already-elected bishop Jovinus , a former governor of Provence. While Jovinus and Theodore, Bishop of Marseille , were travelling to the court of Childebert, Guntram had them arrested. Dynamius, meanwhile, blocked Gundulf, a duke of an important senatorial family and Childebert's former domesticus , from entering Marseille on behalf of Childebert. Eventually he was forced to yield, though he later arrested Theodore again and had him sent to Guntram. Childebert replaced him in Provence by Nicetius (585). Despite his revolt, Childebert formally restored Dynamius to favour on 28 November 587 .

Heir, king and war leader
But with the assassination of Chilperic in 584 and the dangers occasioned to the Frankish monarchy by the expedition of Gundovald in 585, Childebert threw himself unreservedly into the arms of Guntram. By the Treaty of Andelot of 587 , Childebert was recognised as Guntram's heir, and with his uncle's help he quelled the revolts of the nobles and succeeded in seizing the castle of Woëwre . Many attempts were made on his life by Fredegund , wife of Chilperic, who was anxious to secure Guntram's inheritance for her son Clotaire II .

On the death of Guntram in 592, Childebert annexed the kingdom of Burgundy, and even contemplated seizing Clotaire's estates and becoming sole king of the Franks. He died, however, in 595. Childebert II had had relations with the Byzantine Empire , and fought on several occasions in the name of the Emperor Maurice , against the Lombards in Italy , with limited success.

24. Ingunda (Brunhilda , of Austrasia¹⁸, Athanagild , King of Hispania and Septimania¹⁴, Amalaric , King of the Visigoths¹², Theodegotha⁷, Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths⁴, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 558 in France.

Research Notes: Source: Wikipedia - Brunhilda of Austrasia
Also http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875283

Ingunda married Hermengild, son of Liuvigild , King of the Visigoths and Theodosia , of Cartagena, in 580. Hermengild was born about 556 in Spain and died in 585 about age 29.

25. Chintila Visigothic King of Hispania ³⁸ (Suintila , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁹, Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) died in 640.

Research Notes: From Wikipedia - Chintila :

Chintila was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula ) (636 -639 /640 ). He succeeded Sisenand in a time of weakness and reigned until his death.
He was elected and confirmed by a convention of bishops and nobles in accordance with the 75th canon of the IV Council of Toledo . With his election, nothing changed and instability reigned. He never solved the many problems which plagued his time in office and, as the chroniclers of the age tell us, this included rebellions in Septimania and Gallaecia . In the three years of his reign, he permitted the bishops wide authority and they were the monarchs de facto, if not de jure.

He dedicated his time to councils, the V Council of Toledo in June 636 and the VI Council of Toledo in June 638 . They coverred many topics and legistaled many new regulations. The king had to be chosen from among the nobility; never a tonsurado (cleric), member of the servil classes (peasants), or foreigners. They dictated the penalties for insurrection and determined that property acquired justly by the king could not be confiscated by his successor. Finally, they outlawed noncatholics within the frontiers of the kingdom, which resulted in many forced conversions.

Chintila died in 639 or 640 of natural causes and was followed by Tulga .

26. Liubigotona (Suintila , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁹, Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 631 in Spain.

Research Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875276

Tenth Generation

27. Tulga King of the Visigoths (Chintila , Visigothic King of Hispania²⁵, Suintila , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁹, Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born before 620 in Spain and died in 642 in France.

Research Notes: FamilySearch.org Compact Disc #94 Pin #105831
(submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer) has b. bef 620 in Spain, d. 642 in France.

From Wikipedia - Tulga :

Tulga (or Tulca) was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula ) from 640 to 642 , if his father died in December 640, as some sources state. Although some sources have his rule beginning as early as 639 or ending as early as 641 . He came after his father Chintila in another vain attempt to establish dynastic kingship.
In 642, Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord, commenced a rebellion. He was already 79 years old. He had command of the frontier with the Basques . He saw the crown's weakness and a convention of nobles (landholding Goths) and the people (other Gothic inhabitants) at Pampalica (probably modern Pampliega ) proclaimed him king without the support of the church.
According to Sigibert of Gembloux , the rebel deposed Tulga in Toledo and tonsured him, sending him to a monastery to live out his days as a monk (since monks were ineligible for the elective throne). However, Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo says that the rebellion failed without the church's support and Chindasuinth succeeded only on the death of Tulga. From our vantage point, so far in the future, it is impossible to decipher the truth.

11th Generation

28. Gislica Princess of the Visigoths ³⁹ (Tulga , King of the Visigoths²⁷, Chintila , Visigothic King of Hispania²⁵, Suintila , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁹, Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born before 638.

12th Generation

29. Giselle Adele Princesse de Razes ⁴¹ (Gislica , Princess of the Visigoths²⁸, Tulga , King of the Visigoths²⁷, Chintila , Visigothic King of Hispania²⁵, Suintila , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁹, Reccared I , Visigothic King of Hispania¹⁶, Theodosia , of Cartagena¹³, Theodora⁹, Theodoric, King of Italy⁵, Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths³, Vandalarius, of the Ostrogoths², Winithar, King of the Ostrogoths¹) was born about 653 in Razes, Haute Vienne, Limousin, France and died in 676 about age 23.

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22. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593875286.

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27. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654.

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