The Johnson-Wallace & Fish-Kirk Families

ii. Kenneth LeRoy Fish. Kenneth married Peggy Nicole Underwood, daughter of Fredrick Priestly Underwood and Peggy Matthews.

iii. Michelle Laraine Fish. Michelle married Mathew Bull, son of Roger C. Bull and Karen Bonvillain.

George next married Karen Gail Johnson, daughter of DeWayne Burton Johnson ¹ ² and Lorna Doone Wallace,.³ ⁴ ⁵

ii. Kenneth LeRoy Fish. Kenneth married Peggy Nicole Underwood, daughter of Fredrick Priestly Underwood and Peggy Matthews.

iii. Michelle Laraine Fish. Michelle married Mathew Bull, son of Roger C. Bull and Karen Bonvillain.

ii. Kenneth LeRoy Fish. Kenneth married Peggy Nicole Underwood, daughter of Fredrick Priestly Underwood and Peggy Matthews.

iii. Michelle Laraine Fish. Michelle married Mathew Bull, son of Roger C. Bull and Karen Bonvillain.

Fourth Generation

8. LeRoy Paschal Fish,⁶ ⁷ ⁸ son of Joseph Paschal Fish ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² and Clara Mae Carnal,⁹ ¹³ ¹⁴ was born on 21 Aug 1928 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, was christened on 15 Aug 1948 in Sambongi, Japan, died on 6 Sep 1983 in Rex Hospital, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States at age 55, and was buried in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

Death Notes: Source: Certificate of Death.
Cause of Death: Metastatic adenocarcinoma

State of North Carolina Inheritance and Estate Tax Certification File No. 83-E-1060:
:In the Matter of the Estate of: Deceased LeRoy Paschal Fish, Date of Death September 6, 1983"

Research Notes: From memoirs of Carol Jean Kirk Fish around 2002:

LeRoy Paschal Fish was born August 21, 1928 in Ottawa County Oklahoma. The mailing address was Baxter Springs Kansas. He was born at home to Clara May Carnal Fish and Joseph Paschal Fish. Clara's father was Solomon Carnal and Joseph's was Leander Jackson Fish. His Grandmother was Mary but I know nothing more about that.

When Joseph was about 12 years old his father served as representative of the Quapaw tribe in Washington DC. Joseph got to be a congressional page. By blood they were primarily Wyandotte-Shawnee, Miami and Delaware, but Paschal Fish, Leander's father, had sold his headright in the Shawnee tribe and been adopted by the Quapaw in Northeastern Oklahoma.

LeRoy was the third child of his mother's marriage; Mary Kathryn was four yrs old and Dorothy May was 18 months. Four years later Frederick Marvin was born, but he died at age two from eating glass from a broken sugar bowl. I do not know that even in this day and age anything could be done for him, but nothing could be done then. Later Clara Eudora was born in 1935 then Wynona Francis in 1937. Their mother was either pregnant with Wynona or Wynona was only three months old when Mr. Fish died of what was believed to be Bright's Disease. LeRoy was 9 years old.

The previous year LeRoy had colitis so badly he had a temperature of 108 degrees and was packed in ice. Although he was in a coma a good deal of the time, he can remember people praying over him. When he came back to the world his mom had little porcelain dogs for him. He said, "they won't have fleas."

The place where they lived was very rural and often if a neighbor wanted to visit in the evening, he or she carried a lantern to light the way. There is a legend in the area about a mysterious light that could be seen coming down the road. LeRoy said that once when his parents sent him to meet the coming guest, there was no one there. According to the story, the corps of engineers investigated these phenomena but found no reason for it. it was called the "Spook Light" and a lot of teenagers used this as an excuse to park on that road and "wait for the light." there are a lot of legends in the area, it is definitely Indian territory; but this is the most popular one.

After Mr. Fish died life became very hard for the family. Clara married the brother of her sister's husband. They lived in Colorado and missed a whole year of school because of weather. ... Clara went back to Oklahoma where she worked in a cafe in Commerce. The two younger girls were placed in a home in Oklahoma City because she couldn't provide for them. Years later when LeRoy got a military allotment for them when he was in the Army Air Force they were able to return Home. I don't know where Kathryn was during this period. At age 14 after a lot of bad happenings for her she divorced him and came home. I think this was when she started working at the drug store. Sometime during this period LeRoy was sent to live with his Uncle Earl Carnal in Arizona. Earl had 2 daughters and a son. LeRoy felt like a true outsider, treated he felt as a poor relation instead of a nephew who was loved. Sometime in here he rode the bus back to Commerce. He had to hunt to find out where his mom was and from that point he stayed with her until he graduated from high school and joined the Army Air Force (it was some time later that Arizona Air Force became separate from the Army).

When he was in the military, he quickly rose to Sergeant and was head of the radar shop where he worked. He was the youngest person there so he grew a mustache to look older. This was in occupied Japan. Although the war was over, the status was still wartime because of the dangers involved in occupying a country.

I know very little else about his early years.

• Census: U.S., 11 Apr 1930, Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁵ (Household Member)

• Census: Indian Census Roll, Apr 1932, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁶ (Household Member)

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Apr 1933, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁷ (Household Member)

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Apr 1934, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. (Household Member)

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Jan 1937, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. (Household Member)

• Census: U.S., 6 Apr 1940, Roach, Larimer, Colorado, United States. ¹⁸ (Household Member)

• Census: Ottawa County School Census, 18 Jan 1941, Commerce, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. (Witness)

LeRoy married Carol Jean Kirk ¹⁹ ²⁰ on 24 Jun 1950 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.²¹ Carol was born on 8 Jul 1932 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 7 Feb 2008 in Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States^²² at age 75, and was buried on 9 Feb 2008 in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

• Holy Matrimony: in Holy Roman Catholic Church, 22 May 1954, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

i. David Paschal Fish was born on 7 Apr 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, was christened on 22 May 1954 in Sacred Heart, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, and died on 28 Sep 1979 in Pinellas, Florida, United States^²³ at age 28. David married Renée Mozur.

iii. Gregory LeRoy Fish. Gregory married Sharon Edwards, daughter of Dorman Edwards and Ima Jean.

9. Carol Jean Kirk,¹⁹ ²⁰ daughter of George Edward Kirk ⁹ ²⁵ and Hattie Switzer,⁹ ²⁶ ²⁷ was born on 8 Jul 1932 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 7 Feb 2008 in Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States^²² at age 75, and was buried on 9 Feb 2008 in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

Birth Notes: Standard Certificate of Birth
Oklahoma State Board of Health
Bureau of Vital Statistics
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Place of Birth: Ottawa County, city of Miami
Name: Carol Jean Kirk
Date of Birth: 7-8-32
Father:
Geo[rge] Kirk, Miami, Okla., White, 26, born Okla., laborer
Hattie Suntze [sic], Miami, White, 25, born Ark,

General Notes: From Theresa Fish Smith 8 July 2010:
Happy Birthday to Mema, 7-8-1932. Her favorite Birthday Dinner _ Hot Dogs with mustard and onions, dessert - Banana Split.

Research Notes: Family records of Carol Jean (Kirk) Fish and George Michael Fish.

From memoirs of Carol Kirk Fish:
"To continue with my young memories, when I was six years old, we went to California, as did a lot of 'Okies' seeking better living because of the job situation. Daddy had rheumatoid arthritis, and with the depression job situation, even able-bodied men had trouble finding good work. There were five children by this time, and unbeknownst to me, the sixth one on the way. We all loaded our worldly possessions into a Model B Ford sedan and headed west on Route 66. I don't recall much in detail and I probably only heard about it and understood through a six year olds mind, but when we arrived in Bakersfield, we turned around without even stopping and headed back to Miami, Oklahoma. I recall a terrible odor and assumed people made it, but it was probably smoke from factories. On the return trip we stayed at a motel only once and it had an outside toilet."

"When I was in second grade we lived in a house Dad built near my grandparents and uncles and aunts. One summer evening we had a tornado or a cyclone. We all gathered in my grandparent's house and we children had to stay under tables, etc. The men actually held up the walls of the house. After it was over, we went to our own home, but it was sitting halfway off the foundation. I assume we slept at my grandparents that night. We had oil lamps with heavy bases and thin globes, and I recall one base was broken, but no globes.

"I remember in second grade when they passed out ages of children for the needy program, some children the ages of my brothers and sisters were not there and I went and whispered to the teacher that this was an oversight, since I knew we were among the needy. This was one of those embarrassing moments, but I didn't want any one of us left out so I did speak to her. She explained to me that our family had been chosen already by a group and that was why our ages weren't there. In looking back, I know I had a lot of courage to talk to her and that I probably embarrassed her too."

"I remember the times dad blew warm cigarette smoke in our ears when we had earache. Dad was a very warm loving man and mom was the one who pushed us to learn and better ourselves, both of them were good parents who did everything they could to make our lives good and happy."

"The 17th year of my life was one of the most eventful. I met my husband that summer before my senior year in high-school. His sister and I both worked in the same drug store, she as a cosmetologist and I as a soda jerk. It was a drug store in which my older brother and sister had worked. It was on the corner of Main and 1st Avenue in Miami, Oklahoma. I grew up there and went through all my high-school years at Miami High. Junior high was in the same complex. I was a good student and sort of planning a medical career when He came along. I remember well that I did my junior essay on medicine, but my senior I did it on roller skating which was my sporting passion. We dated all through that year. He was a freshman at the junior college there, having spent his time in the Army Air Force after high-school graduation. He really had a problem with my age I believe, because he always treated me as if I were soo much younger. But a few weeks into the summer after he had left for LA to attend UCLA he called and asked me to marry him. Of course, I said yes. I was devastated when he went away. I had told my Mom I was going to join the WACs when I was 18, just a few weeks away. She preferred that I marry rather than THAT. So she signed for me to marry. We were married on June 24th by a Justice of the Peace with only a couple of friends as witnesses. The JP chewed tobacco during the ceremony and spelled LeRoy's middle name incorrectly. But we were married. We went to Noel, Missouri for the night. It was a teen-age place then. Since then, the area has become something of a resort town. we spent our second night in a motel in Miami, then left on Monday by train for LA. I had never ridden a train; I had never seen a city as large as Kansas City, Missouri, where we changed to the Silver Streak for LA. It was a fairy-tale kind of trip. The dining car was sumptuous; we did not have berths or a compartment to save money. But we managed to enjoy the whole ride since we were so young and didn't really sleep. When we arrived in the LA station it was again a fairy tale land. The station was like a castle and when we left the station and were outside once again a magic land with palm trees and hibiscus and many kinds of flora. We walked to Olvera Street which was a Mexican paradise, and we ate hot food and walked around. It is still there. I went with my son and his wife and son when I was there last year [1999 or 2000]. We caught a city bus to Santa Monica which was where his sister lived. The Pacific Palisades were fantastic. When we arrived there, we walked to her place of work, picked up a key and went to her apartment. She and her husband had a TV, which I certainly had seen before but never owned. When they got home we toured the city a bit, but didn't go near the Pacific because LeRoy wanted to show me that on his own. They had rented us an apartment, actually the lower floor of an old house in Venice, and we had a car which they had sold LeRoy. The next day the first thing we did was go to the ocean. So vast and noisy and beautiful, but also so cold! Venice as a beach town was one curious shop after the other."
------------
Obituary and memorial bookmark from Carol's funeral:

Carol Kirk Fish "Mema"

RALEIGH, NC: Carol Kirk Fish, 75, entered into eternal rest on Thursday morning, February 7, 2008. Born on July 8, 1932 in Miami, Oklahoma; she was the daughter of the late George and Hattie Switzer Kirk.

Carol was a member of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Raleigh and was a wonderful and nurturing homemaker and mother.

She is survived by her four children: George Michael Fish and wife Karen, of Slymar Park, CA [sic], Gregory LeRoy Fish and wife Sharon, of Tallahassee, FL, Theresa Fish Smith and husband Eric and Mark Joseph Fish, of Wake Forest, NC, of Raleigh; by her seven grandchildren: David Aaron Fish, Kenneth LeRoy Fish, Michelle Laraine Fish, Erica Lynn Smith, Curtis Watson Smith, Margo Leanne Layerd, and Danielle Paschal Fish; by her seven great-grandchildren and "one on the way"; and by her siblings: Buddy Kirk and Joy teal, both of Oklahoma.

Carol was preceded in death by her husband: LeRoy P. Fish; by her son: David Paschal Fish; and by her siblings: Bob Kirk, Jimmie Kirk and Pat Wright.

Family will receive friends on Saturday, February 9th from 12 Noon until time of service at St. Joseph's Catholic Church on Poole Road. A funeral Mass will be held at 1 PM, with Committal Services to follow at Raleigh Memorial Park.

Carol married LeRoy Paschal Fish ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ on 24 Jun 1950 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.²¹ LeRoy was born on 21 Aug 1928 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, was christened on 15 Aug 1948 in Sambongi, Japan, died on 6 Sep 1983 in Rex Hospital, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States at age 55, and was buried in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

11. Phala Carmen Jordan ²⁴ was born on 5 Aug 1938 in Urlah, Monroe, Alabama, United States and died in Oct 1999 at age 61.

Fifth Generation

16. Joseph Paschal Fish,⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² son of Leander Jackson Fish ²⁸ and Mary Katherine Large,²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ was born on 21 Jan 1895 in Douthat, Indian Territory, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 23 Jul 1937 in Indian Hospital, Claremore, Rogers, Oklahoma, United States at age 42, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^³⁵

Birth Notes: Family Bible of his son LeRoy has b. in Douthatt, Okla (Indian Territory)

Death Notes: Obituary quoted in Find A Grave memorial 48254483:

Indian, 41, Dies.
Quapaw, Okla., July 23.\'97Joseph P. Fish, 41 years old, an Indian, died today at the Indian hospital at Claremore. He was a resident of the Devil's Promenade district all his life. Surviving are his widow, Mrs. Clara Fish; four daughters, Mary, Dorothy, Clara and Winona Fish, at home; two sons, Leroy and Jack Fish, also at home, and his mother, Mrs. Mary K. Wills of Miami. The body was taken to Miami in a Lane ambulance this afternoon from Claremore.

Joplin Globe,
Saturday, July 24, 1937,
Page: 2 of 12; Column: 8 of 8.
Joplin, Missouri.

Research Notes: All historical and family records give his full name as "Joseph Leander Fish". The middle name of "Leander" is his paternal grandfather's first name. "Cornstalk" is not a family name, and "Blackfish" was not used as a family name except by children of Chief Black Fish (1725-1779). It was not used by descendents of William Jackson Fish, who was an adopted, white son of Chief Black Fish.
****

• Petition: to Office of Indian Affairs by Leander Jackson Fish through his attorney J. L. Bullock, 6 Feb 1896, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ³⁶ (Witness)

• Census: Indian Census Roll, Apr 1932, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁶

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Apr 1933, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁷

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Apr 1934, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

• Census: Indian Census Roll, 1 Jan 1937, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Joseph married Lillie < > before 1921. Lillie was born about 1899 in Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). Another name for Lillie was Lillie Fish.

• Census: U.S., 22 Jan 1920, Joplin, Jasper, Missouri, United States. ³⁷ (Household Member)

i. Joseph Leander Fish was born on 22 May 1917 in <Oklahoma>, United States and died on 23 Oct 1976 in Phoenix, Maricopa, Arizona, United States^³⁸ at age 59. Joseph married Lila Viola Johns ³⁹ on 27 Dec 1938 in Fort Garland, Costilla, Colorado, United States. Lila was born <1920> in <Colorado>, United States and died <1990> in <Colorado>, United States at age 70.

Joseph next married Clara Mae Carnal ⁹ ¹³ ¹⁴ on 29 Oct 1921 in Galena, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Clara was born on 10 Jun 1903 in Lincolnville, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 18 Dec 1972 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 69, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁴⁰ Other names for Clara were Clara Mae Carnel, Clara May Fish, and Clara Mae Carnal Martin.

ii. Mary Kathryn Fish was born on 9 May 1925 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 2 Dec 1989 at age 64, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁴¹ Other names for Mary were Kathryn Fish, Kathy Fish, and Mary Katherine Fish. Mary married Charles E. Cook.

iii. Dorothy Mae Fish was born on 29 Dec 1926 in Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, United States, died on 7 May 2014 at age 87, and was buried in Fort Gibson National Cemetery, Fort Gibson, Muskogee, Oklahoma, United States.^⁴² Another name for Dorothy was Dorothy May Fish. Dorothy married Edward A. Hall. Edward was born on 2 Nov 1911 in Van Buren, Crawford, Arkansas, United States, died on 14 Feb 2000 in Oklahoma, United States at age 88, and was buried in Fort Gibson National Cemetery, Fort Gibson, Muskogee, Oklahoma, United States.

8 iv. LeRoy Paschal Fish (born on 21 Aug 1928 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States - died on 6 Sep 1983 in Rex Hospital, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States). LeRoy married Carol Jean Kirk, daughter of George Edward Kirk ⁹ ²⁵ and Hattie Switzer,.⁹ ²⁶ ²⁷ Carol was born on 8 Jul 1932 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 7 Feb 2008 in Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States^²² at age 75, and was buried on 9 Feb 2008 in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

v. Frederic Marvin Fish was born on 8 May 1932 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States and died on 4 Apr 1934 at age 1. Other names for Frederic were Frederick Marvin "Jack" Fish and Jack Fish.

vi. Clara Eudora Fish. Clara married Donald O. Warner. Donald was born about 1918.

17. Clara Mae Carnal,⁹ ¹³ ¹⁴ daughter of Solomon Madison Carnal ⁴³ ⁴⁴ and Hattie Eudora Thomas,⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ was born on 10 Jun 1903 in Lincolnville, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 18 Dec 1972 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 69, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁴⁰ Other names for Clara were Clara Mae Carnel, Clara May Fish, and Clara Mae Carnal Martin.

Birth Notes: Family Bible of her son LeRoy has b. in Douthatt, Okla (Indian Territory)

Death Notes: Obituary quoted in Find A Grave memorial 48255372:

CLARA MAE MARTIN

Mrs. Clara Mae Martin, 69, of 21 F northwest, died at 2:45 a.m. today in Baptist hospital after a short illness.

Born June 10, 1903, northwest of Commerce, Mrs. Martin had been a lifelong resident of Ottawa county. She was a member of the First United Methodist church and American Legion Auxiliary and a past member of the Miami Business and Professional Women's club.

Survivors are her husband, Davie B. Martin of the home; a son, Leroy Fish, of Tallahassee, Fla.; four daughters, Mrs. Charles Cook of San Angelo, Tex., Mrs. Ed Hall of Miami, Mrs. Ira Bialeck of La Canada, Calif., and Mrs. Charles Dress, Broken Arrow; a brother, William Earl Carnal, Globe, Ariz.; one sister, Mrs. Grace Halbert, Tow, Tex, and 12 granchildren.

Services will be held at 2 p.m. Tuesday in the Cooper funeral home chapel with the Rev. Herman Ging officiating.

Burial will be in the Newman cemetery of the Devil's Promenade area. Pallbearers will be Bert Hale, Charles Stansell, Walter Newman, Glenn McCumber, Bill Hirsch and Charles Bill Hirsch.

Miami News Record,
Monday, December 18, 1972,
Page: 3 of 16; Column: 2 of 8.
Miami, Oklahoma.

Burial Notes: According to Claire Eudora (Fish) Warner 2/13/09, "a Zane was a pallbearer" at her funeral.

From FindaGrave.com:

Clara Mae Carnal Fish Martin.

Daughter of William A. and Emma Carnal.

She married Joseph P. Fish.

He preceded her in death.

Mother of Mary Kathryn Cook.

Research Notes: The LeRoy Paschal Fish family Bible (has born in Douthat, OK).

From FindaGrave.com 7 Jun 2011 (may be inaccurate):
"Daughter of William A. and Emma Carnal."

• Census: U.S., 11 Apr 1930, Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁵ (Household Member)

• Census: U.S., 6 Apr 1940, Roach, Larimer, Colorado, United States. ¹⁸ (Household Member)

• Census: Ottawa County School Census, 18 Jan 1941, Commerce, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Clara married David Bufford Martin.⁴⁷ David was born on 8 Oct 1908, died in 1995 at age 87, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for David was Davie B. Martin.

Clara next married Joseph Paschal Fish ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² on 29 Oct 1921 in Galena, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Joseph was born on 21 Jan 1895 in Douthat, Indian Territory, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 23 Jul 1937 in Indian Hospital, Claremore, Rogers, Oklahoma, United States at age 42, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^³⁵

Clara next married George Dewey Karns ⁴⁸ on 12 Oct 1939 in Kimball, Kimball, Nebraska, United States.⁴⁸ George was born about 1899.

18. George Edward Kirk,⁹ ²⁵ son of George Robert Kirk ¹³ ⁴⁹ and Grace Elizabeth Parsons,¹³ ⁵⁰ was born on 2 Feb 1906 in <Centralia>, Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States, died on 25 Sep 1961 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 55, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for George was George Kirk Jr.

• Census: U.S., 11 Apr 1940, Ottawa District, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ⁵¹

George married Hattie Switzer ⁹ ²⁶ ²⁷ on 31 Oct 1925 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Hattie was born on 10 Jan 1907 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States, was christened in 1975 in Church of the Nazarene, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 23 Apr 1991 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States^⁵² at age 84, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

i. Joyce Clotene Kirk was born on 25 Jun 1927 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 25 Jan 2010 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 82, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Joyce was Joy Kirk. Joyce married James Richard "Dick" Teal,⁵³ son of James Teal and Gladys Mills, on 1 Apr 1947. James was born on 12 Dec 1924 in Coffeyville, Montgomery, Kansas, United States, died on 5 Nov 2008 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 83, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for James was Dick Teal.

ii. George Edward "Buddy" Kirk Jr. was born on 3 Jun 1930 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States and died before 2010. George married Mary Lee Saunders.

9 iii. Carol Jean Kirk (born on 8 Jul 1932 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States - died on 7 Feb 2008 in Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States). Carol married LeRoy Paschal Fish, son of Joseph Paschal Fish ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² and Clara Mae Carnal,.⁹ ¹³ ¹⁴ LeRoy was born on 21 Aug 1928 in Peoria, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, was christened on 15 Aug 1948 in Sambongi, Japan, died on 6 Sep 1983 in Rex Hospital, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States at age 55, and was buried in Raleigh Memorial Park, Raleigh, Wake, North Carolina, United States.

iv. Jimmy Max Kirk was born on 10 Jul 1934 and died before 2010. Jimmy married Betty Louise Johnson.

v. Patricia Colleen Kirk was born on 1 Oct 1936 and died before 2010. Patricia married Wayne Morris Wright.

vi. Robert Dan Kirk was born on 26 Apr 1939 and died before 2010. Robert married Janet Fayrene Schafer.

Hattie married George Edward Kirk ⁹ ²⁵ on 31 Oct 1925 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. George was born on 2 Feb 1906 in <Centralia>, Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States, died on 25 Sep 1961 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 55, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for George was George Kirk Jr.

20. Ernest Russell Tatem,²⁴ son of Rev. William Carl Tatem, was born on 5 May 1904 in Kokomo, Howard, Indiana, United States and died on 1 Dec 1996 at age 92.

Ernest married Margaret Park Armstrong.²⁴ Margaret was born on 4 May 1909 in Salsburgh, Lanark, Scotland and died on 14 Aug 2005 in Terre Haute, Vigo, Indiana, United States at age 96.

21. Margaret Park Armstrong ²⁴ was born on 4 May 1909 in Salsburgh, Lanark, Scotland and died on 14 Aug 2005 in Terre Haute, Vigo, Indiana, United States at age 96.

Margaret married Ernest Russell Tatem.²⁴ Ernest was born on 5 May 1904 in Kokomo, Howard, Indiana, United States and died on 1 Dec 1996 at age 92.

Sixth Generation

32. Leander Jackson Fish,²⁸ son of Chief Paschal Fish ³³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ and Hester Armstrong Zane,⁷² was born on 7 May 1852 in (Wyandotte), Indian Territory (Kansas), United States, died on 20 Nov 1914 in [near Quapaw], Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 62, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁷³ Other names for Leander were Leading Turtle, Jack Fish, Jackson Fish, Leander "Leading Turtle" Fish, and Leander Jackson.

Birth Notes: Birth date needs verification. He was recorded in the 1854 census as 7 years old (born about 1847).

One source ("Delaware and Shawnee Migration," https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee.htm) says that the 1854 Indian Census lists Leander as age 7 (i.e., born 1846 or 1847). It is possible that the Indian Census spanned 5 years and that this family was recorded in 1849, published in 1854.There is also a discrepancy in birth year for his sister Eudora and father Paschal.

Captions accompanying photographs of Jackson Fish by Dinwiddie in 1896, archived in the Smithsonian Institution, say that he was born in 1855 in Wayndotte, Oklahoma.

Burial Notes: Lot 20, Block 3, Grave 5 (or 6), Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery, Miami, Oklahoma.
Gravestone reads:
Leander Jackson
Fish
May 7, 1852 - Nov. 20, 1914

Research Notes: Text accompanying a photographic reproduction from the Smithsonian Institution acquired between 1970-1985.
Joseph Pascal T.(?) Fish
Age 10 in 1905
His father was Leander Jackson Fish. We are assuming that this photo of "Jackson Fish" is that man and that Joseph P.T. Fish is Joseph Pascal Fish.
aka Jackson Fish, Leading Turtle

Look at % of each tribe in Jackson's father & mother.
Jackson Fish's father [Paschal Fish] was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware.
Jackson Fish's mother [Mary Ann Steele?] was one fourth Wyandotte (Huron).

----------
"If duplicated, please credit Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives, Bureau of American Ethnology Collection.
Public inquiry 202/357-2700
catalog of current items 800/322-0344

"Neg. No. 978 Tribe: Shawnee

"Tribe: SHAWNEE
Name: Pi'saa'ka or Leading Turtle. Mixed blood - Wyandot, Shawnee and white. Called L. J. Fish. With Joseph P. T. Fish, his son.
Home: Quapaw Agency, Okla.
By Gill, 1905

"Leading Turtle, also called Jackson Fish, with Joseph P. T. Fish, his son. Jackson Fish's father was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware; his mother was one fourth Wyandotte (Huron). Home: Quapaw Agency, Oklahoma.
By Delancy Gill of the B.A.E., Washington, D.C., 1905."

"No. 764-a
Family: Algonquin
Tribe: Shawnee
Name: Pi-sã-'k or Leading Turtle. Called Jackson Fish. Mixed blood. (Father, Pasquel Fish, 1/2 Shawnee, 1/8 Miami, 1/16 Delaware; Chief of the Shawnees. Mother 1/4 Wyandotte).
Born: 1855
Home: Wyandotte, Okla.
By Dinwiddie, 1896"

"No. 764-b
Family: Algonquian
Tribe: Shawnee
Name: Pi-sã-'k or Leading Turtle. Called Jackson Fish. Mixed blood - Shawnee, Miami, Delaware, Wyandotte. Father, Pasqual Fish, chief of the Shawnees. Mother Wyandotte).
Born: 1855
Home: Wyandotte, Okla.
By Dinwiddie, 1896"

These photographs may be of a different person:
"No. 1069-a
Family: Muskhogean
Tribe: Chickasaw
Name: Jackson Fish. Mixed blood.
Home: Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation, Okla.
By Dinwiddie, 1896"

"No. 1069-B
Family: Muskhogean
Tribe: Chickasaw
Name: Jackson Fish. Mixed blood.
Home: Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation, Okla.
By Dinwiddie, 1896"
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From http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kansas/ :
Quapaw . Between 1833 and 1867 lands in the southeastern tip of Kansas belonged to their reserve in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), but in the latter year they ceded this back to the Government. (See Arkansas.)

Shawnee . In 1825 the Shawnee residing in Missouri received a grant of land along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri. In 1831 they were joined by another body of Shawnee who had formerly lived at Wapaghkonnetta and on Hog Creek, Ohio. In 1854 nearly all of this land was re-ceded to the United States Government and the tribe moved to Indian Territory, the present Oklahoma. (See Tennessee .)

Wyandot . The Wyandot purchased land in eastern Kansas on Missouri River from the Delaware in 1843 and parted with it again in 1850. A few Wyandot also held title to land along with other tribes on the border of Oklahoma and re-ceded it along with them in 1867. (See Ohio .)
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From The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee, A Chronology by Larry Hancks:
1856
August 19; the new Wyandot Tribal Council requests that the Wyandott Commissioners make modifications in the treaty lists: to strike out Eudora Fish and Leander J. Fish (children of Paschal and Hester Zane Fish), and Sarah Zane, and to add Sarah Barbee (formerly Sarah Sarrahess), Rosanna Stone and her daughter Martha Driver, and all infants born between March 1 and December 8, 1855. The case of Noah E. Zane is to be reexamined.

• Census: Kansas State, May 1865, Quindarc Twp, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. ⁷⁴ (Household Member)

• Census: U.S., 16 Jul 1870, Eudora, Douglas, Kansas, United States. ⁷⁶ (Household Member)

• Adopted: into the Quapaw tribe, 1 Oct 1880, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁷

• Revocation: of L. J. Fish's membership in the Quapaw tribe, 8 Aug 1884, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁹

• Reinstatement: of L. J. Fish's membership in the Quapaw Tribe, 5 Sep 1884, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁸⁰

• Report: re. Leander J. Fish by Inspector Gardner, 9 Sep 1884, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁸

• Roll: of Quapaw members entitled to share moneys derived from grazing and sales of hay, 15 Mar 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁸¹

• Affadavit: from Charley Quapaw, Head Chief of the Quapaw tribe of Indians and interpreter Alphonse Vallies, 20 May 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). (Witness)

• Roll: of Quapaw tribal members, 8 Feb 1890, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁸²

• Authorization: granted by the U.S. Department of the Interior to the Quapaw tribe of Indians, 14 Mar 1891, Washington D.C., United States. ³⁶

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1893, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸³

• Residence: 1895, Wyandotte, (Ottawa), Indian Territory, (Oklahoma), (United States).

• Petition: to Office of Indian Affairs by Leander Jackson Fish through his attorney J. L. Bullock, 6 Feb 1896, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ³⁶

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1896, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁴

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1897, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁵

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1899, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁶

• Census: U.S., Native American, 30 Jun 1900, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States).

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1901, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁷

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1903, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁸

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1904, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), (Ottawa), (United States). ⁸⁹

• Census: U.S. Native American, 30 Jun 1905, Wyandotte, (Ottawa), Indian Territory, (Oklahoma), (United States). ⁹⁰

• Report: of Quapaw Indian Competency Commission, Examination of Allottee, After 25 Jun 1910, <Oklahoma>, United States. ⁹¹

Leander married Julia Parks ³³ on 28 Apr 1878 in Cherokee, Kansas, United States.⁹² The marriage ended in divorce in 1883. Another name for Julia was Julia Parke.

Marriage Notes: Marriage record has names "L. J. Fish" and "Julia Parke" according to the transcription.

• Adopted: into the Quapaw tribe, 1 Oct 1880, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁷ (Participant)

• Report: re. Leander J. Fish by Inspector Gardner, 9 Sep 1884, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁸ (Witness)

• Authorization: granted by the U.S. Department of the Interior to the Quapaw tribe of Indians, 14 Mar 1891, Washington D.C., United States. ³⁶ (Mentioned)

Leander next married Mary Katherine Large ²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ on 20 Jan 1895 in (Muscogee), Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).⁹³ The marriage ended in divorce. Mary was born on 6 May 1874 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, died on 11 Aug 1939^⁹⁴ at age 65, and was buried on 14 Aug 1939 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Other names for Mary were Katie Large, Katy Large, Mary C. Large, Mary Kathern Large, Mary Kathryn Large, and Mary Katherine Large Wills.

16 i. Joseph Paschal Fish (born on 21 Jan 1895 in Douthat, Indian Territory, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States - died on 23 Jul 1937 in Indian Hospital, Claremore, Rogers, Oklahoma, United States). Joseph married Lillie < > before 1921. Lillie was born about 1899 in Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). Another name for Lillie was Lillie Fish. Joseph next married Clara Mae Carnal,⁹ ¹³ ¹⁴ daughter of Solomon Madison Carnal ⁴³ ⁴⁴ and Hattie Eudora Thomas,⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ on 29 Oct 1921 in Galena, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Clara was born on 10 Jun 1903 in Lincolnville, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 18 Dec 1972 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 69, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁴⁰ Other names for Clara were Clara Mae Carnel, Clara May Fish, and Clara Mae Carnal Martin.

Leander next married Josephine Heitz ³³ on 23 Feb 1909 in District of Columbia, United States.⁹⁵ Josephine was born about 1884.

Marriage Notes: Transcribed marriage record reads "Leander J. Fish" and "Josephine Heitz." Leander's race is "white." Leander's age is 56 and Josephine's age is 25.

Death Notes: Obituary from Miami Daily News Record, August 13, 1939 - Page 2:

Mrs. Mary Wills

Funeral services for Mrs. Mary Katherine Wills, 63 years old, who died Friday night [August 11, 1939] at her Devil's promenade home, will be held at 10 a.m. Monday at the Miami Catholic church. Father Leonard Parmented will officiate.

Mrs. Wills, widow of the late Jack Fish, a full-blood Quapaw Indian, had been a resident of this district since 1891. She is survived by a sister, Mrs. Della Boggs of Douthat, and six grandchildren.

Burial will be in G.A.R. cemetery under the direction of the Lane Funeral Home.

Research Notes: 1880 U.S. Census records have:
b. abt. 1876 in Kansas, daughter of Richard Large.

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Possibly the most accurate source is Mary Jane Power McCarty (http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.martin/2944.1/mb.ashx ):

Children of Richard Joseph and Mary Jane Large:
Mary Kathern (Large) Fish, Wills b. 5-6-1874, St. Paul, Neosho County, Kansas. Buried GAR Cemetary, Miami, Oklahoma, died 8-14-1939. ( Her last husband was BOB WILLS, of BOB WILLS and the TEXAS PLAYBOYS)

DDora Rena (Large) Thomas b. 2-4-1875, Platt County, Missouri. Married Donald Thomas, they had one son, Nathan Thomas.

Della Therisia (Large) Carnal, Boggs: b. 12-23-1879, in St.Paul, Neosho County, Kansas. Died 8-12-1956, buried GAR Cemetary, Miami, Okahoma, under the name of DELLA CARNAL.

Thomas James Large: b. 8-23-1882, Bourbon County, Kansas. d. 10-5-1932.

John Henry Large: b. 7-8-1885, Bourbon County, Kansas, now Ft. Scott, Kansas. He married Allie F. Brand, 10-3-1914, Miami, Oklahoma. He died 10-16-1935, of T.B., at the time of his death he lived in Douthat, Oklahoma. He is buried in the GAR Cemetery, Miami, Oklahoma. Funeral Records are held by Jim Thomas Funeral Home, Miami, Oklahoma, services were conducted by Lane Funeral Home.

Bertie Samuel Large: b. 3-24-1891, Baxter Springs, Kansas, Cherokee County. died 8-25-1930. Twin of Gertrude Elnora Large.

Gertrude Elnora (Large) Long, b. 3-24-1891, Baxter Springs, Cherokee County, Kansas. Married Kenneth Long, had three children, Pearl Herbert, Glenn Long. Gertrude died 1931 or 1932, in Hollister California.

Herman Leroy Large: b. 5-23-1893, Indian Territory, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Oklahoma.

Nathan Landon Large, b. 5-9-1888, Seneca, Newton County, Missouri. Married Alta Florence Rinehart, 3-12-1911. North Miami, Oklahoma. He died 12-8-1922, Douthat, Oklahoma of pneumonia, buried at Melrose Kansas, Fairview Cemetery.
Green-Stephens Undertaking Co. handled Funeral services.(of Picher, Oklahoma)

• Residence: 1895, Wyandotte, (Ottawa), Indian Territory, (Oklahoma), (United States).

Mary married Leander Jackson Fish ²⁸ on 20 Jan 1895 in (Muscogee), Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).⁹³ The marriage ended in divorce. Leander was born on 7 May 1852 in (Wyandotte), Indian Territory (Kansas), United States, died on 20 Nov 1914 in [near Quapaw], Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 62, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁷³ Other names for Leander were Leading Turtle, Jack Fish, Jackson Fish, Leander "Leading Turtle" Fish, and Leander Jackson.

Mary next married Bob Wills ¹⁰⁴ after 1912. Another name for Bob was Robert Wills.

34. Solomon Madison Carnal,⁴³ ⁴⁴ son of William Henry Carnal ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ and Carra A. Bottom,¹⁰⁷ was born on 20 Jan 1872 in Bolivar, Polk, Missouri, United States, died on 20 Dec 1956 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 84, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Birth Notes: May have been born in Saint Clair, Missouri (FamilySearch?). FindaGrave.com has Bolivar, Missouri.

Research Notes: From FamilySearch.org:
1880 U.S. Census Johnson, Polk, Missouri :
Birth Year
Birthplace MO
Age 7
Occupation At School
Marital Status S
Race W
Head of Household William CARNAL
Relation Son
Father's Birthplace TN
Mother's Birthplace NC

• Census: U.S., 2 Jun 1880, Johnson, Polk, Missouri, United States. ¹⁰⁹ (Household Member)

Solomon married Hattie Eudora Thomas ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ in McDonald Co., Missouri, United States. Hattie was born on 25 Feb 1884, died on 11 Feb 1927 at age 42, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

i. Lily Edith Carnal was born on 1 Dec 1900 and died in Alamosa, Colorado, United States.

17 ii. Clara Mae Carnal (born on 10 Jun 1903 in Lincolnville, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States - died on 18 Dec 1972 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Clara married David Bufford Martin.⁴⁷ David was born on 8 Oct 1908, died in 1995 at age 87, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for David was Davie B. Martin. Clara next married Joseph Paschal Fish,⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² son of Leander Jackson Fish ²⁸ and Mary Katherine Large,²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ on 29 Oct 1921 in Galena, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Joseph was born on 21 Jan 1895 in Douthat, Indian Territory, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States, died on 23 Jul 1937 in Indian Hospital, Claremore, Rogers, Oklahoma, United States at age 42, and was buried in Newman Cemetery, [NE of Miami, ] Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^³⁵ Clara next married George Dewey Karns ⁴⁸ on 12 Oct 1939 in Kimball, Kimball, Nebraska, United States.⁴⁸ George was born about 1899.

iii. William Earl Carnal was born on 1 Sep 1905 in Kansas, United States and died before 31 Mar 1997 in Globe, Gila, Arizona, United States. Another name for William was William Earl Carnell. William married Gladys Marie Dye,¹¹⁰ daughter of William Marion Dye and Estella Hill,¹¹⁰ ¹¹¹ on 4 Jun 1928 in Commerce, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.¹¹⁰ Gladys was born on 15 Aug 1910 in Missouri, United States.^¹¹² Another name for Gladys was Marie Dye.

iv. Willis Haskell Carnal was born on 18 Sep 1907 in Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died in Aug 1941 at age 33, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

v. Grace Ellen Carnal was born on 15 Sep 1910, died on 1 Apr 1983 in Tow, Llano, Texas, United States^¹¹³ at age 72, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Grace was Grace E. Carnal Halbert. Grace married Andrew J. Halbert ¹¹⁴ ¹¹⁵ on 25 Oct 1970 in Schleicher, Texas, United States. Andrew was born about 1893. Grace next married Francis M. Karns ¹¹⁶ on 2 Feb 1935 in Kimball, Kimball, Nebraska, United States.¹¹⁶ Francis was born about 1884.

vi. Goldie Elsie Carnal was born on 11 Nov 1914 and died in Globe, Gila, Arizona, United States.

Solomon next married Daisy Delia Peters.¹¹⁷ Daisy was born in 1883, died in Apr 1959 at age 76, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Hattie married Solomon Madison Carnal ⁴³ ⁴⁴ in McDonald Co., Missouri, United States. Solomon was born on 20 Jan 1872 in Bolivar, Polk, Missouri, United States, died on 20 Dec 1956 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 84, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

36. George Robert Kirk,¹³ ⁴⁹ son of Richard J. Kirk ¹³ ¹²¹ and Martha A. Crook,¹³ ¹²² was born on 19 Aug 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States, died on 30 Jun 1944 in Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States at age 71, and was buried on 2 Jul 1944 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Birth Notes: FamilySearch has b. 19 Aug 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri. Another source has 1872 in Tennessee.

Death Notes: FamilySearch has d. 30 Jun 1944 in Miami, OK. Another source has d. July 1944 in Miami, OK.

Research Notes: From FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File:

This information from Family Bible and from archival records in Miami, Oklahoma. Found in Ward 4 Springs Addition, Miami, Ottawa, Ok. Buried in GAR Cemetery in Miami, Oklahoma George was a railroad man. He helped build many railroads in the Miami area. George Robert was an infant of 3 months when his father, Richard J., died. His mother, Martha, remarried John G. Wahmeyer 10/10/1875, who died not long thereafter, and in 1879, Andrew T. Staley, who moved the family to Metz. Metz was a small farming community just east of Osage, Missouri, where Richard J. died, and near where he is buried in Stotesbury, Missouri. George Robert's mother died in 1883, in Metz. Her burial location is unknown. George was next located in Kansas, and later, in Arkansas. In the 1900 census he was located in Narcissa, Ottawa County, Oklahoma, and later in Centralia, Craig County, Oklahoma, whre the family lived for many years. In 1900 he, Grace Elizabeth and 3 daughters were in Crawford County, Kansas, while the family was back in Narcissa, Oklahoma, for the 1910 census and in Craig, for the 1920 census. Found this family #122, in the April 14-15,1930 census in the West Part of Ottowa County, Oklahoma, listed as G. R. Kirk, age 58, marriedat age 20 years, b. in Missouri, father born in Missouri, mother born in Tennessee; farmer, had a farm, could read and write; Grace, wife, age 54, married at age 16, b. in Kansas, father born in Ohio, mother b. in Indiana; Lewis, son, age 21, married at age 20, born in Oklahoma, father in Missouri, mother b. in Kansas; farmer, Roy, son, age 18, single, b. in Oklahoma, farmer, Lee, son, age 19, single, b.in Oklahoma; Kenneth, son, age 16, b. in Oklahoma, Ella, daughter, single, age 13, b. in Oklahoma. George Robert was a large man, standing at 6' and weighing around 200 pounds. The 1910 census reflected that he could not read or write, but by the early 1940, he is known to have read the Bible and to have prepared written sermons which he preached as a Church of God Holiness mnister. He was really a known "Hellfire and Brimstone" minister. He most probably died from Alzheimers(which we know exists now, but not then).

• Census: U.S., 26 Apr 1910, Narcissa Twp, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹²⁴

• Census: U.S., 14 Apr 1930, Ottawa Twp, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹²⁶

• Census: U.S., 3 Apr 1940, Ottawa Twp, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹²⁷

George married Grace Elizabeth Parsons ¹³ ⁵⁰ on 17 Sep 1892 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. Grace was born on 11 Feb 1876 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kansas, United States, died on 26 Nov 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 75, and was buried on 27 Nov 1951 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Grace was Gracie Elizabeth Parsons.

i. Jessie May Kirk was born on 18 Aug 1893 in Kansas, United States, died on 25 Jul 1950 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 56, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^¹²⁸ Another name for Jessie was Jessie Mae Kirk. Jessie married Noah Mock Bell ¹²⁹ on 3 Jul 1912 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. Noah was born in 1886 in Missouri, United States, died on 6 Sep 1940 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 54, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^¹³⁰

ii. Anna Josephine Kirk was born on 14 Feb 1895 in Eureka Springs, Carroll, Arkansas, United States, died on 23 Oct 1968 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 73, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Other names for Anna were Josephine Kirk and Josie Kirk. Anna married George Washington Grier ¹³¹ on 29 Mar 1913 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. George was born in 1887 in Missouri, United States, died on 17 Nov 1931 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 44, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^¹³²

iii. Jennie Pearl Kirk was born on 14 Apr 1896 in Mulberry, Crawford, Kansas, United States, died on 8 Jun 1966 in Nowata, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States at age 70, and was buried in Mount Washington Cemetery, Lenapah, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States. Other names for Jennie were Pearl Kirk and Pearlie Jane Kirk. Jennie married George William Burdine ¹³³ on 12 Nov 1915 in Nowata, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States.¹³⁴ George was born in 1893 in <Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma>, United States and died in 1932 in Olympia, Thurston, Washington, United States at age 39. Jennie next married Edgar Marrs ¹³⁵ ¹³⁶ on 13 Apr 1936 in Oswego, Labette, Kansas, United States. Edgar was born on 28 Nov 1887 in Prairie Grove, Washington, Arkansas, United States, died on 28 Apr 1964 at age 76, and was buried in Mount Washington Cemetery, Lenapah, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States.

v. Ora Dell Kirk was born on 26 Apr 1901 in Centralia, (Craig, ) Oklahoma, United States,^¹²⁴ died on 13 Mar 1970 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 68, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Ora married Joe Chester Browning ¹³⁷ on 8 May 1920 in Vinita, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. Joe was born on 17 Feb 1900 in Kansas, United States, died in Jul 1967 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 67, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Ora next married Jim Fair.

vi. Delbert Howard Kirk was born on 26 Apr 1904 in Centralia, (Craig), Oklahoma, United States, died on 17 Jun 1987 in Chetopa, Labette, Kansas, United States at age 83, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, Chetopa, Labette, Kansas, United States. Another name for Delbert was Howard Kirk. Delbert married Lydia M. < >.¹³⁸ Lydia was born on 24 Nov 1907, died on 27 Apr 1984 at age 76, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, Chetopa, Labette, Kansas, United States.

18 vii. George Edward Kirk (born on 2 Feb 1906 in <Centralia>, Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States - died on 25 Sep 1961 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). George married Hattie Switzer,⁹ ²⁶ ²⁷ daughter of Daniel Wesley Switzer ⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ ⁵⁶ ⁵⁷ ⁵⁸ and Georgia Augusta Seitz,⁵⁴ ⁵⁹ ⁶¹ ⁶² ⁶³ ¹³⁹ on 31 Oct 1925 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Hattie was born on 10 Jan 1907 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States, was christened in 1975 in Church of the Nazarene, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 23 Apr 1991 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States^⁵² at age 84, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

viii. Louis Mathew Kirk was born on 8 Oct 1908 in Oklahoma, United States, died on 9 Jun 1979 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 70, and was buried in Coal Creek Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Louis was Lewis Matthew Kirk. Louis married Ina Jane Virginia Kirk.¹⁴⁰ Ina was born on 13 Jan 1925, died on 20 Dec 2004 at age 79, and was buried in Coal Creek Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Ina was Ina Jane Virginia Page. Louis next married Ollie Ann Barger ¹⁴¹ on 23 Apr 1932 in <Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States>. Ollie was born in 1912 in <Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States>, died on 23 May 1941 in <Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States> at age 29, and was buried in Coal Creek Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

ix. Robert Lee Kirk was born on 16 May 1910 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States,^¹²⁶ died on 15 Nov 1977 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 67, and was buried in Fairland Cemetery, Fairland, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Robert was Lee Kirk. Robert married Barbara E. Angle on 27 Nov 1930 in <Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States>. Another name for Barbara was Barbara Angel.

x. Roy Kirk was born about Aug 1913 in Oklahoma, United States.^¹²⁶ Another name for Roy was Ray Kirk. Roy married Dorothy < >.¹⁴² Dorothy was born about 1922 in Oklahoma, United States. Roy next married Nadine.

xi. Kenneth Don Franklin Kirk was born on 6 Feb 1914 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States,^¹²⁵ died on 10 Sep 1996 in St. Joseph, Buchanan, Missouri, United States at age 82, and was buried on 13 Sep 1996 in Overland Park, <Johnson>, Missouri, United States. Kenneth married Anna Rebecca Williams,¹⁴³ daughter of Andrew Oliver Williams, on 12 May 1939 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Anna was born on 15 May 1920 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States, died on 4 Nov 1996 in St. Joseph, Buchanan, Missouri, United States^¹⁴⁴ at age 76, and was buried in Overland Park, <Johnson>, Missouri, United States.

xii. Grace Ellen Mae Kirk was born on 2 Jul 1916 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States, died on 22 Apr 2000 in Myrtle Creek, Douglas, Oregon, United States at age 83, and was buried in Toledo Cemetery, Toledo, Lewis, Washington, United States. Other names for Grace were Ella Kirk and Grace L. Kirk. Grace married Fred Joel Haselip ¹⁴⁵ on 29 Jul 1933 in Columbus, Cherokee, Kansas, United States.¹⁴⁶ Fred was born on 19 Jun 1901, died on 26 Mar 1987 at age 85, and was buried in Toledo Cemetery, Toledo, Lewis, Washington, United States.

37. Grace Elizabeth Parsons,¹³ ⁵⁰ daughter of James Densmore Parsons ¹³ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ and Nancy Jane White,¹³ ¹⁴⁹ was born on 11 Feb 1876 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kansas, United States, died on 26 Nov 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 75, and was buried on 27 Nov 1951 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Grace was Gracie Elizabeth Parsons.

Grace married George Robert Kirk ¹³ ⁴⁹ on 17 Sep 1892 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. George was born on 19 Aug 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States, died on 30 Jun 1944 in Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States at age 71, and was buried on 2 Jul 1944 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

Birth Notes: Switzer family records (via Barbara Holman 7 Sep 2006) state that he was born in Illinois.

Research Notes: From Letter from Barbara L. Holman, September 7, 2006 to Switzer descendents with family tree "The Switzer Family Heritage":
"**DANIEL WESLEY SWITZER, born June 11, 1872 in Illinois, and married June 17, 1894, in Searcy County Arkansas to Georgia Augusta Seitz. Daniel died May 26, 1951 in Miami, Oklahoma, Ottawa County"
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From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I239

1900 U.S. Census Searcy Co. AR:
Switzer, Dan, H, M, JA 72, 27, M 06, AR AR AR 001
Gussie, W, F, AP 74, 26, M, 06, 03, 02 AR GA
Fonzo, S, M, FE 95, 05, S, AR AR AR
Mosco, S, M, AP 97, 03, S, AR AR AR
Florence, D, F, FE 00, 03/12, S, AR AR AR
Henry, FA, M, DE 43, 56, WW, AR MO MO MO

1910 U.S. Census Searcy Co. AR:
Switzer, Dan W., Husband, Male, age 36, Married 1 for 16 years AR, MO, AR
(Seitz) Augusta, Wife, Female, age 33, Married 1 for 16 years, 6 children born, 4 living, AR, GA, GA
Fonzo, Son, Male, age 14, Single, AR, AR, AR
Mattie, Daughter, Female, age 7, Single, AR, AR, AR
Grover, Son Male, age 5, Single, AR, AR, AR
Hattie, Daughter, Female, Age 3, Single, AR, AR, AR

1920 U.S. Census Boone Co., AR:
Switzer, Daniel, head, male, age 46, married, can read & write, AR, MO, MO
Gussie, wife, age 37, read & write, AR, GA, GA
Mattie, daughter, age 16 attending school, read & write, AR, AR, AR
Grayson, son, 14, attending school, read & write, AR, AR, AR
Hattie, daughter, 12, attending school, read & write, AR, AR, AR
Hazel, daughter, 9, attending school, read & write, AR, AR, AR
Fay, son, 6, AR, AR, AR
Bruce, son, 1 year and 10 months, AR, AR, AR

1930 U.S. Census Miami, Ottawa Co., OK:
Switzer, Daniel, head, No, M, W, 56, Widowed, AR, TN, AR, carpenter
Hazel, daughter, 19
Fay, son, 16
Robert B., son, 12

• Charged: with disturbing the peace, 1899, Marshall, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

• Census: U.S., 4 Jun 1900, St. Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. ¹⁵⁸

Daniel married Georgia Augusta Seitz ⁵⁴ ⁵⁹ ⁶¹ ⁶² ⁶³ ¹⁵⁹ on 17 Jun 1894 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Georgia was born on 18 Mar 1876 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States, died on 5 Jul 1928 in <Oklahoma>, United States at age 52, and was buried in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Georgia was Gussie Seitz.

Marriage Notes: Source: FamilySearch.org and http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I239, which cites:
Searcy Co., AR Marriage Book: SWITZER, DW (21) of Blanco to
Georgia A. SEITZ (18) of Blanco on 17 June 1894 by WB Drewry, JP
Book D, page 404

i. Fonzo Switzer was born on 6 Feb 1895 in Arkansas, United States. Another name for Fonzo was Henry Fonzo Switzer. Fonzo married Maude McIntyre.¹⁶⁰ Maude was born <1900>.

iii. Florence Switzer was born in Feb 1900 in Arkansas, United States. Another name for Florence was Florance Switzer.

iv. Martha Jane Switzer was born on 2 Mar 1903 in <Saint Joe, Searcy, Arkansas>, United States and died on 5 Jul 1934 at age 31. Another name for Martha was Mattie Jane Switzer. Martha married Lee Roy Pratt.,¹⁶¹ son of Alexander Jefferson Pratt ¹⁶² and Sarah Jane Frederick,.¹⁶³ Lee was born on 27 Apr 1899 in Westville, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, <(Oklahoma)>, United States and died in Feb 1955 in Okmulgee, Okmulgee, Oklahoma, United States at age 55.

v. Grayson Dan Switzer was born on 9 Feb 1905 and died on 24 Nov 1979 at age 74. Grayson married Virginia Poe.

19 vi. Hattie Switzer (born on 10 Jan 1907 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States - died on 23 Apr 1991 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Hattie married George Edward Kirk,⁹ ²⁵ son of George Robert Kirk ¹³ ⁴⁹ and Grace Elizabeth Parsons,¹³ ⁵⁰ on 31 Oct 1925 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. George was born on 2 Feb 1906 in <Centralia>, Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States, died on 25 Sep 1961 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 55, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for George was George Kirk Jr.

vii. Hazel Marie Switzer was born on 10 Aug 1910 in Arkansas, United States. Hazel married Arch Landers.

viii. Fay G. Switzer was born on 24 Sep 1913 in Arkansas, United States. Another name for Fay was Bentley Faye Switzer.

Birth Notes: Source:
Family records of LeRoy Paschal Fish and Carol Jean Kirk
Birthdate given in Kirk family records as 18 Mar 1876 without a place.
The present researcher guessed that she was born in Saint Joe, Arkansas. That may not be so. It may have been Snowball or Blanco.

Another (1991) source at FamilySearch.org has b. in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas.

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I439 has b. Apr 1874 in Blanco, Searcy Co., Arkansas.

Yet another Rootsweb source has b. 18 Mar 1875 in Blanco, Arkansas. That source misspells Switzer, so the 1875 may not be reliable either.

Georgia married Daniel Wesley Switzer ⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ ⁵⁶ ⁵⁷ ⁵⁸ on 17 Jun 1894 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Daniel was born on 11 Jun 1872 in Illinois, United States and died on 26 May 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 78. Another name for Daniel was Dan Switzer.

40. Rev. William Carl Tatem ²⁴ was born on 7 Jan 1876 in Kokomo, Howard, Indiana, United States and died on 2 Jun 1942 in West Terre-Haute, Vigo, Indiana, United States at age 66.

20 i. Ernest Russell Tatem (born on 5 May 1904 in Kokomo, Howard, Indiana, United States - died on 1 Dec 1996). Ernest married Margaret Park Armstrong.²⁴ Margaret was born on 4 May 1909 in Salsburgh, Lanark, Scotland and died on 14 Aug 2005 in Terre Haute, Vigo, Indiana, United States at age 96.

Seventh Generation

Birth Notes: www.whatsineudora.com has birth year as 1805.
--
Researcher Don Greene sets his birth year at 1804.

Historic Names of the Shawnee in the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html
has b. abt 1792 in Ohio.

According to his obituary in the Baxter Springs newspaper in February 1893, he was 96 years old at the time of his death, putting his birth year around 1796 or 1797.

He was listed on the 1854 Indian census rolls for the Shawnee Tribe as 50 years of age, putting his birth year at 1804, though the "50" could have been a guess(?).

Death Notes: Obituary from the Baxter Springs news. [volume], February 18, 1893, Image 5 provided by the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas through https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov:

FROZEN TO DEATH.
Paschal Fish, an old man 96 years of age, was frozen to death during the blizzard about two weeks ago. He resided on the Shawnee reservation, about 18 miles south and east of this city [Baxter Springs, Kansas] and had been down into the Cherokee nation on business. He started to return home alone, and was within a mile and a half of home when he was overcome by the severe cold and could go no farther. His body was found 24 hours afterward by a young man who was looking for some stock. Mr. Fish lived as belore stated, in the Shawnee reserve, but claimed a right in the Quapaw reserve. He was fatlher of Jack Fish, well known in this city, and was a Methodist minister. He preached in Baxter Springs frequently several years ago, but of late years seldom visited this city. He had many friends in this city who will regret his sudden demise.

General Notes: From http://www.whatsineudora.com
http://gen3.connectingneighbors.com/static/19448.pdf

"A statue of Chief Paschal Fish and his daughter, Eudora, is being created by world renowned Lawrence [Kansas] sculptor, Jim Brothers. When completed, it will be a 7 ½ foot tall bronze statue and will be placed in the CPA Park in downtown Eudora. The casting will be completed by the Ad Astra Foundry, which is located about 10 miles NW of Eudora.

"The statue has been created to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the City of Eudora (1857-2007) and will be dedicated October 6th, 2007 during the annual EudoraFest. It depicts Shawnee Indian Chief Paschal Fish and his daughter, Eudora, in the year of 1857 with Chief Fish holding a ferry oar and with Eudora clutching his waist.

"The land Eudora was built on was purchased from Chief Fish by the German Settlement Society from Chicago. The German settlers honored the request of Chief Fish and named their new town after his daughter, Eudora.

"When the U.S. Government allotted land to the Indians, Chief Fish received 1,000 acres in this part of Douglas County. In 1857 he sold 800 acres to the German Settlement Society from Chicago. Chief Fish owned and operated the Fish Ferry, which crossed the Kaw River just north of downtown Eudora. He also owned the Fish House, which was located on the south edge of Eudora along the Westport Trail. The Westport Trail
connected Kansas City to Lawrence and tied into the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. He often took in travelers for the night and provided them with food and shelter. On May 1, 1855, the Kansas Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, stayed at the Fish House. The Governor.s horse was hidden, so it would not be seen by pro-slavery supporters. Chief Fish was a Methodist minister and was instrumental in establishing and teaching at the Wakarusa Indian Mission which was built in Eudora 1848-1850.

"Paschal Fish (1805-1894). In approximately 1870, Chief Fish moved from Eudora to Indian Territory near Miami, Oklahoma. In 1894 at the age of 89, Chief Fish was found frozen to death along Tar Creek near his home at Baxter Springs, Kansas.

"Eudora Fish (ca. 1848-1877). In 1868 Eudora Fish married Dallas Emmons. They lived in LaCygne, Kansas and had 4 children. Eudora passed away unexpectedly at the age of 29. Her body was transported from LaCygne to Wyandotte, Kansas. She is buried in the Huron Indian Cemetery in downtown Wyandotte.

"Project Funding

"The primary resources for this project have been Eudora Lions Club members, personnel from various departments within the City of Eudora, and also many community partners that have hosted/assisted with fund-raising activities. There has been wide support for this project ranging from the purchase of engraved bricks that will be placed around the base of the statue to cash donors whose names will be placed on a bronze plaque that will be mounted to the base of the statue. The Shawnee Tribe that is located in Miami, Oklahoma is also very supportive of the project.

"Fund-raising activities have been sponsored/supported by the Eudora Historical Society, United Methodist Church, Knights of Columbus, Chamber of Commerce, Boy Scouts, Eudora school personnel and their facilities, Annie.s Country Jubilee from Tonganoxie, plus many Eudora businesses and individual volunteers."

------------------

From Wikipedia - Eudora, Kansas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudora%2C_Kansas

"In 1856, three members of a German Immigrant Settlement Company (called Deutsche-Neusiedlungsverein) from Chicago, sent out a location committee to choose a town site in the new Indian Territory, which had been opened up to settlement by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, passed in May 1854 . Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups flocked to this territory.

"The three Germans sent to the present site were H. Heimann, F. Barteldes and C. Scheifer. Favoring the Eudora area, they drew up contracts with Chief Paschal Fish for 774 1/2 acres, from the Kansas River to the south for about a mile (over 200 blocks total), with two public squares and a park. In February 1857, Chief Fish entered into contracts with the Trustees of the Chicago Verein for purchase of the land "to secure a more perfect title" at a price of $10,000. Fish bought back on the same day the odd numbered lots of at least three blocks between the Kaw and Wakarusa rivers.

"A map of Douglas County drawn up in early 1857, before Eudora was a town, shows only four townships in the county with Eudora included in the Wakarusa township.

"A group of 16 men, 4 women, and some children had came in the spring of 1857 to begin settling at the site. Peter Hartig, age 34, was the leader of this Chicago group, and he was accompanied by his wife. The Society paid expenses for the settlers. Eight more men, who paid their own way, came later. The formal title, signed by an Indian Agent named Newsom, was drawn up on February 4 , 1860.

"The town's name was derived from the name of Chief Paschal Fish's 13-year old daughter; it is a name of Greek derivation meaning "giving" or "generous." Chief Fish said that if they did this there would never be a tornado to touch down in Eudora. There hasn't been a tornado there to this day."

--------------------------

From http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/eudora/growth.htm :

Eudora was incorporated as a city in the fall of 1858 under Territorial laws and the first election was held in 1859 under Fred Faerber as mayor as of March 10. Councilmen elected were Peter Hartig, August Ziesenis, M. Marthey, P. Hoffenau and A. Summerfield. Justice of Peace was Fred Swartz; City Treasurer was Charles Achning; City Clerk was C. F. Swartz; and Marshall was Fred Soelte.

The records of the city business transactions were written in German until 1860. The original copies are at Kansas University Spencer Research Library. Two Kansas University German students translated them for the Eudora Centennial 1957.They are microfilmed. The original copies are at Kansas University library.

In March, 1859 the Eudora City Council agreed to commission the Secretary of the Chicago company to furnish a city seal for the town with the design on it of white man shaking hands with an Indian and with some suitable adornment and with a circular inscription: City of Eudora, Douglas County, Kansas Territory.

From city council minutes:
March 17, 1860-"The Mayor presented for consideration the problem of investigating whether the city is justified in collecting real estate taxes, and in selling the lots which have accrued to the city through nonpayment of the assessed taxes, Tabled."

May 7, 1860-"Agreed to table the tax question until Paschal Fish or Clark returned from Washington (Note! Paschal Fish was still an important person in the city to go to Washington to investigate a city matter).

Research Notes: From Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History by Don Greene, 2014, pp. 114-115:

529. Fish, Paschal aka Pascal Fish-Paschal Jackson - ¼ Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis born 1804 OH-died 1893 KS - son of William Jackson Fish/60-adopted-white & Martha Rogers/82, Treaty 1854, Principal Chief of Fish-Rogers band 1860 with William Rogers/85, husband 1^st 1824 OH of Julia Parks/1806-1/4^th Thawikila-Metis, 2^nd 1830 OH of Jane Hohthawakawe/1815 Thawikila, 3^rd 1842 KS of Hester Jane Armstrong [Zane]/1800-Wyandot-Metis, 4^th 1847 KS of Mary Ann McClure (Steele)-5/64^th Chalakatha-Thawikila-PekowiCreek-Cherokee-Metis, 5^th after 1852 of Martha Captain/1814-7/8^th MekocheThawikila-Metis, father with Parks of Joseph Paschal Fish/1825-1/4^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Thawikila-Metis, with Hohthawakawe of Obediah Fish/1842-5/8^th Chalakatha-Thawikila-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis, with Zane of Eudora Fish/1845-1/8^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Wyandot-Metis, with McClure-Steele of Leander Fish-Leading Turtle/1848-5/32^nd ChalakathaMekoche-Thawikila-Pekowi-Creek-Cherokee-Metis, with Captain of Mary T. Fish/1854-9/16^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis

--------------
From text accompanying a photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives:
"[Leander] Jackson Fish's father [Paschal Fish] was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware; his mother was one fourth Wyandot (Huron)."
--------------
Information from the following source does not match other sources. May not be accurate:

From Historic Shawnee Names of the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html
"Fish, Paschal aka Paschal Jackson - 1/2 Shawnee Metis born about 1792 OH-died after 1854 KS - son of Fish aka William Jackson-adopted white & Shawnee Woman, moved to KS by 1832, Treaty 1854, husband 1^st of Mary Ann Steele/95-Metis, 2^nd of Jane Hohthawakawe/95, 3^rd of Hester Armstrong Zane-Wyandot Metis, father with Mary Ann of Leander aka Leading Turtle/1814"
-------------
From the website "The History of Eudora, Kansas" at https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee%20.htm

Paschal Fish, tribe leader, innkeeper, ferry operator, and Methodist minister. At age 33, Paschal Fish Jr., also spelled "Pascel," "Pascal," "Paschall," "Pasqual," and "Pescel," assumed leadership of the Fish Tribe, also known as the Jackson tribe. In 1837, he worked as a blacksmith and gunsmith assistant at Fort Leavenworth, according to Indian Department employment records.

The Fish Tribe with Fish Jr. moved to the Eudora area in the early 1840's. With him came James Captain; William Rogers; Joe Parks; William Parks; a Crane; the Bluejackets (Charles, George, and Henry); and others. Votes cast in the 1855 tribal election, with Mathew Clerk serving as clerk, showed some of this original group stayed. As for the election, it resulted in Henry Bluejacket, Dougherty, Simon Hill, Tooley, and Tucker voted council leaders, and Joseph Parks and Graham Rogers (who owned 1,000 acres in Johnson County by 1858, built a home at 6741 Mackey in Merriam, and was the son of a white man kidnapped by Shawnee and raised by Chief Blackfish), the principal chiefs. Charles BlueJacket served as interpreter as he did for federal treaty agreements.

On 1854 Indian census rolls, Fish Jr. was listed as being 50 years of age with a wife, Martha, age 40. His children were Obadiah, 12; Eudora (Udora), 9; and Leander Jackson, 7. Fish Jr. also had foster children (and additional children with his later wife, Mary Ann). Mary Emmons, a direct relative, found at least four wives for Paschal - Hester Zane, Martha Captain, Jane Quinney (another account says her surname was Hohthawakawe also spelled Hoh-tha-wa-ka-se), and Mary Ann Steel - and four for Leander - Julia Parks, Rose Fish, Mary Kathryn Large, Josephine Heitz, all of whom divorced Leander. Other genealogical reports include Mary Ann Clure; Fern Long, Eudora, claims he was married also in Missouri before his marriage to Hester Zane, a Wyandot and mother of Eudora Fish; and a Mrs. Barret was recorded in February 9, 1854 by Reverend C. Boles in Shawnee Marriages 1843-1857.

Although Shawnee, Paschal Fish Jr., and other tribe members did not resemble the Indians of western lore and Hollywood movies. Wilson Hobbs, a doctor who lived with the Shawnee from 1850 to 1852, wrote: "At the time of my residency with these people there were very few full-blooded Indians among them. . . . The Parkses (Joe and William), the Blue-jackets (Charles Henry, and George), the Fishes (Paschal and John), the most noted and influential men of their tribe, were scarcely half-bloods, the white predominating. Of the three Blue-jacket brothers, George had most red blood and least civilization."

He and his brother, Charles, pictured on the left, who had helped at the inn, operated a ferry across the Kansas River in the Weaver area. Charles appeared to operate the ferry in all government references and owned the land from which crossings took place. The ferry was on the trail that the U.S. Army blazed from Fort Leavenworth to Willow Springs to join the Santa Fe Trail. The Kansas Legislature also licensed Fish to operate the ferry a mile up and a mile down the Wakarusa.

Colonel Stephen Kearney and 280 First U.S. dragoons left the military trail in 1846 to blaze a new trail to Fort Leavenworth. They crossed the Kansas River near where the Wakarusa joins it on "a ferry operated by Indians." Lieutenant J. W. Albert wrote June 29, 1846:

"In the river we found two large flatboats or scows, manned by Shawnee Indians dressed in bright colored shirts, with shawls around their heads. The current of the river was very rapid, so that it required the greatest exertion on the part of our ferrymen to prevent the boats from being swept far downstream. We landed just at the mouth of the Wakaroosa creek. Here there is no perceptible current; the creek is fourteen feet deep, while the river does not average more than 5 feet; and in some places is quite shallow. . . .the pure cold water of the Wakaroosa looked so inviting that some of us could not refrain from plunging beneath its crystal surface."

According to Fern Long, Eudora local historian specializing in the Kansas Territory, the Fish ferry was in operation before 1845 and until the 1860s. The ferry was used continuously by the army as well as by travelers heading west to join other trails. Troops from Fort Leavenworth usually made it to the ferry in one day and camped on the Wakarusa bank after crossing. Fish got $1 a wagon for the crossing. Some days as many as 90 provision wagons crossed over on the ferry.

John Bowes wrote in From Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West (New York, 2007, pg. 112-113): "A prevalent business in the 1840s entailed charging American travelers for passage across the creeks and rivers that impeded their journey along the various trails that originated in the Missouri border towns. . . .Wyandots, Shawnees , Potawatomis, and Delawares all ran small ferries at the various rivers in eastern Kansas that coursed across both their reserves and the popular emigration trails. . . .Only a few miles east of the Potawatomi reserve, Paschal and Charles Fish, two Anglo-Shawnee brothers, also operated a ferry on the Kansas River. They benefitted not only from emigrant travel but also from the U.S. soldiers that required the Indian flatboats on their way to Mexico in 1846.

"Paschal Fish did more than just operate a ferry, however. He took advantage of other traveler needs and by the 1850s transformed his home into an inn. Located approximately ten miles east of present-day Lawrence, his two-story house greeted weary travelers in need of food and a place to rest their heads. Although the creaking cottonwood boards did not always inspire confidence in the stability of the second floor, and competition for the single washbasin and square mirror often delayed morning preparations, the inn nevertheless received satisfactory evaluations. A hot breakfast, complete with fresh biscuits and coffee, was served, and it sent travelers on their way. Fish also owned a small store and cultivated approximately one hundred acres of corn and thirty acres of oats. Wagon train drivers told visitors stories of this Shawnee man who 'don't drink a drop of whiskey' and who sat on his porch with his hat on, 'in a ruminating mood.' Although these drivers may have tried to make their stories more colorful with such descriptions, it remained clear that informed travelers in the 1850s knew of Paschal Fish and the services he provided."

Fish Jr.'s thatched-roof roadside inn for travelers, the Fish House, was on the 1857 Territorial Map. Morris Werner, author of Hotels, Taverns and Stage Stations, said it was in Block 154, Lot 9 or at the junction of the then Ferry Road and Westport & Lawrence Road. A Kansas Historical Quarterly article locates it at Section 8, Township 13 south, Range 23 east. The Eudora News Weekly in more recent years claimed the inn was on the Fremont Trail used by travelers going to Topeka at the site where William Knake lived in the 1930s. Supporting the trail location, Oscar Richards, who wrote about Fish in the March 23, 1892 Eudora newspaper, recalled his friend of more than 30 years as charitable, kind man who kept a "sort of hotel, or tavern, in the south part of Eudora townsite, on the line of the wagon road leading from Independence, Kansas City, and Westport to Lawrence, Topeka and further west, and known as the John C. Fremont Trail."

Another Eudora News article, this one from 1895, reads: "Probably the oldest structure in or about Eudora was destroyed last week when Albert von Gunten tore down the old Roper dwelling house, on the south edge of town, to replace it with a handsome story and-a-half modern building. Away long in the early 50s, . . .this building was the first stopping place out of Independence on the old Santa Fe Trail, and was under the management of Paschal Fish, an Indian, from who, some years later, the present townsite of Eudora was purchased. With the advent of the railroad and the abandonment of the overland stage, the usefulness of the inn was destroyed and for many years it has been occupied as a dwelling house by different parties. The building originally was constructed from native timber and while much repair work was done it is nevertheless a fact that the biggest part of it stood as first put up and would have stood from many years to come."

An 1855 account by C. H. Dickson, "A Night in the Paschal Fish Hotel," says 32 women, men, and children slept in a 6-foot by 16-foot room and used bedding from their wagons. It had one bed with a prairie hay mattress, six chairs, and a fireplace. Wrote the author, "In the sleeping room, all but one (who sat in a rocking chair all night) spread out on the floor. I had a buffalo robe and managed to wrap in it and wedge into the mass of humanity on the floor." Territorial governor Andrew Reeder hid there one day from pro-slavery sympathizers in the nearby town of Franklin. The inn was used a polling place in 1855 and was said to have a blacksmith shop and grocery.

Dee Brown, in the 1958 book The Gentle Tamers, said Fish Jr., hired a New England man as a business manager and cook. A woman stopping there in 1855, Brown wrote, described the inn:

"We dismount and enter at the only door into the first story of a large building, simply boarded and loosely floored. It is dimly lighted with poor tallow candles in Japan candlesticks, which bear evidence of having been the support of many candles before. There is a long table, and men, in whose faces there is absolutely no mouth to be seen, and only a gleam for eyes - an entire party of heads, covered with dirty, uncombed, unwashed hair. There were no more chairs. Our baggage was brought in, and we made seats of it. The men ate as though the intricacies from their plates to their mouths had become a perfect slight of hand with them. As they passed out of the room, the dishes were wiped out for us."

After he sold the inn as a residence during the 1850s, Fish Jr. went on to build a house east of Eudora off Seventh Street past the present Eudora Cemetery on Lothholz family land holdings.

About this fellow Methodist, Marovia (Still) Clark, an early Eudora resident wrote:

"But our truest and best friend was Paschal Fish, a brother of Charles (the interpreter). He told Father that he had never tasted whiskey since he became a Christian. He said, "I like whiskey but when I see it and smell it, I go off, because it makes me a very bad man.' He came over to see us nearly everyday, as he lived only a few hundred yards from the Mission.

"Father had built a small smoke house and put a bend in the shade of that smokehouse so that he could sit there and rest and read when he came in from work. He and Mr. Fish would sit there and relate their experiences and surely if anyone every enjoyed hearty laugh, he did. He liked to tell jokes, one in particular he liked to tell on himself."

"The joke was about an incident in St. Joseph, Missouri. Fish went with a missionary who preceeded Still (before 1851). When asked to attend to prayers, Fish said, 'Brother Fish feel very big' and throw his head back and stepped to show how big he felt to be honored by so many preachers. When going to a chair, he missed and fell with his feet flying up in the air. Fish said to concerned onlookers 'Brother Fish feel so shamed. Brother Fish feel so small.' Each time Fish told the story, he would laugh and laugh."

From the journal of Sarah Lindsey and printed in the 1858 English Quakers Tour Kansas article in February, 1944 (Kansas Historical Quarterly 13, 1, p. 50) comes another account of Fish: "On 5th day the 8th had a meeting in our friends cabin where Levi Woodward, wife & child came to meet us. An Indian named Pascal Fish, with his wife & son also gave us their company. The Wing of Divine Goodness was felt to spread over us, and we had an interesting season, wherein counsel & close things were spoken to some present. Prayer was also offered. On separating the Indian seemed to regret that we had not taken up our quarters at his house, as he had room &c., and could have found food for ourselves, and corn for our horses: he requested that we would pray for them. The Indians were well dressed, & the man spoke good English."

(Georgianna "Anna" Rogers Stanley, born in 1861, the daughter of George and Laura Stanley, often told her children stories of the Shawnee traveling on a trail east of the Hesper Church. In her obituary, the children said the Shawnee traveled the trail to go to their camps on Captain Creek and the Wakarusa River.)

The 1857 Annual Report of the Missionary Society, Sunday-School Union and Tract Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Volumes 38-42, tells of Fish's religious conversion: Among the Shawnees is Paschal Fish. His father[-in-law] was a white man by the name of Rogers and [who] was taken by the Indians when a boy, and married a Shawnee wife. Many years afterward Rogers and one of his brothers met, and by marks and scars which they recollected, they recognized each other. Their mutual recognition was deeply affecting. They fell on each others' neck and wept. The brother, a gentleman of wealth, invited Rogers to come and live with him, but he declined. He said he loved his wife and children, and they were Indians, and would not be respected among the whites, and rather than subject them to mortification and insult, he chose to dwell among his adopted people. The son took the name of Fish, because he belonged to what was termed the 'Fish Band,' that resided on the Gasconade in Missouri. Pascal was educated by his uncle, among the whites, and when our ministers began to preach where Pascal resided, being able to understand our language, he became deeply awakened, afterward was powerfully converted to God. For some ten years past he has been a preacher, and has served our ministers as an interpreter. He has acquired great influence among his people, and at the council which was being held when I left the territory, he was the leading Free Soil candidate for the chieftancy of his nation. He sets his people an example of industry. I heard it estimated that his lands, the present season, would produce five thousand bushels of corn and several hundred bushels of wheat. Fish did obtain leadership of a certain Shawnee segment but only briefly.

In the 2007 Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West, John Bowes wrote of Fish's land speculation during a time when Shawnee land selection and distribution took years. Fish's missionary school education helped his intermediary position and Shawnee Council involvement during the 1850s until he was accused of accepting a thousand dollar bribe involving land transfers and had to resign in disfavor. Then, in February 1858, the Shawnee real estate mogul sent a letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs James Denver requesting a patent in fee simple for the land he and his family selected under the 1854 treaty. "I propose to sell all or a portion of my lands to a company of men from Chicago, Illinois who intend to build up a town," Fish explained, "and unless you shall favorably regard my request I shall be unable to retain them here and my lands and those of my neighbors will lose the plus value they might acquire by the instance of that town." Yet this communication was nothing more than a formality. The Chicago group settled, built, and populated the town of Eudora, appropriately named after one of Fish's daughters. Following the lead of the Territorial Legislature, Governor Samuel Medary approved Eudora's charter in February 1859. The only hindrance of the town's existence was the fact that Fish still had not received an official deed to his land from the federal government by the summer of 1859."

Copyright 2015. Cindy Higgins. Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw: A History of Eudora, Kansas. Eudora, KS: Author.

From

German Settlement Society. The area around Eudora was considered desirable because trails made it a heavily-trafficked travel route between the East and California. During the early founding years of Douglas County, many Germans, often directly from their home country, came to this area for a variety of reasons, including a changing economic situation in Europe, rising land prices, political repression, the failed 1848 political revolution, military service avoidance, overpopulation, marriage restrictions, lure of good land at cheap prices, improved transportation, religious convictions, and glowing advertisements. Some communities, too, paid travels costs for undesirable individuals in exchange for the individual giving up all citizenship rights.
German immigration reached its peak in 1854, the same year, a group of German emigrants in Chicago formed a settlement company known variously as the "Deutsche Ansiedlungs Verein" (German Settlement Society), Neuer Ansiedlungsverein (New Settlement Association), Eudora Town Company, or Eudora Homestead Association (which appeared in legal land transactions). According to records research done by Stefan Klinke, a Kansas University graduate student, the company headed by Edward Schlaeger, a German newspaper publisher, had 50 members at first and ultimately numbered more than 600 stockholders. Three company agents, H. Heimann, Friedrich Barteldes, and Christian Schleifer, traveled west to find a settlement site.
The trio visited sites in Missouri and Kansas and reported back to the shareholders about land recently received by the Fish Tribe from the U.S. government. The May 10, 1854 treaty between the United States government and the United Tribe of Shawnee Indians had decreed that the Indians must cede all the land they were given in the 1825 treaty except for 200,000 acres. By 1857, the land was divided: Each "single man" received 200 acres and "the head of a family a quantity equal to 200 acres for each member of his or her family."
Fish could have sold the land to individuals, but he decided to set up his holdings as a townsite, a package deal where he retained select town lots. This land speculation was complicated by the procedures he had to follow to sell the land, which necessitated obtaining a certificate from a Shawnee chief declaring his competency as well as a certificate from the Shawnee land agent. Once that was done, the the two certificates were sent to the Interior Department in Washington, D.C., an agency known for its slow processing, for approval. Edward Clark, Fish's attorney, in a September 19, 1859 letter complained about the process to the acting commissioner of Indian affairs, Charles Ellis. Fish, owner of 2,000 lots in the proposed town of Eudora, wanted to sell 500 and use the money to improve the rest. However, the approval procedure was so slow that buyers weren't interested and for the town to grow, it needed tax money, which couldn't be generated if the lots were not sold. Fish said the proposed towns of Tecumseh, DeSoto, Chillicothe, and Shawnee City, all were having the same problems as his speculative town of Eudora, according to an 1981 article in the Journal of the Kansas Anthropological Association (Volume 2).
Slow sales processing wasn't the only problem Fish faced. Negotiation and exploitation marked the 1850s in regard to Indian land. For example, Hancks writes that August 19, 1856, the new Wyandot Tribal Council requested Wyandott Commissioners to modify treaty lists: to strike out Eudora Fish and Leander J. Fish (children of Paschal and Hester Zane Fish), and Sarah Zane, and to several others including all infants born between March 1 and December 8, 1855. In The End of Indian Kansas, H. Craig Miner and William Unrau claimed land agents and attorney exploited several tribes; Fish himself complained that attorneys he paid to go to Washington charged him 25% in negotiations, added on 7.5% for risk, and tacked on 10% for extra services.
Tribal leadership played a large part in negotiations and often land speculators picked Inidan leaders based on how easy an individual was to persuade. Fish inherited his title; however, elections replaced hereditary leadership during the 1850s. In Larry Hancks' The Emigrant Tribes: Wynadot, Delaware, and Shawnee, A Chronlogy, Paschal Fish was reported as having replaced Captain Joseph Parks in elections as the head chief of the Shawnee Nation in January 1, 1858.
Besides the Germans, others, too, had interest in buying the Fish Tribe land. One was Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, one of the first Kansas senators to Congress. In his 1855 letter to James Blood, the first mayor of Lawrence, Pomeroy wrote that he was negotiating with Fish Jr. and Charles Fish, "two half-breed Shawnees-educated-honest and both are Methodist Preachers" to lay out a town with a mill, school, and place for religious worship. In return, Pomeroy was to get " a good title to one half of the City Site (every other lot) also to all the lots we build upon and improve. Also they give us 320 [acres] of wood land lying between the Wakarusa & Kansas Rivers."
Pomeroy also wrote he planned to name "every point and place in this city" with Indian words and suggested calling his settlement: 'Fish Crossing City." At least 20 others, had expressed interest in buying the land, Pomeroy wrote. One apparently was James Lane. His name appears on quit claim deeds to Paschal Fish dated in 1865 that state: "Remise, release and quit claim in Douglas County, Kansas; All the lands included in the boundaries of the City of Eudora, in said County."
Authorized by the society, Louis Pfeif (also spelled "Pfief"), a Chicago draftsman who stayed in Illinois, and Charles Christian Durr (spelled "Duerr" in land records) bought 774 l/2 acres from Fish Jr. to found the town of Eudora and acted as land trustees. They paid $10,000 in February 1857 to Fish Jr. who retained the odd numbered lots in an area between the Kansas River and Wakarusa River. According to Miner and Unrau, Fish also required the Germans to build 75 houses, a large sawmill, a grist mill, a shingle mill, and a bridge over Nakanwa Creek (valued at $100,000) [the Wakarusa? the Kansas River?] in addition to supplying graded streets. Whether or how this was done is uncertain. What is known is that A formal title for the purchase <https://www.eudorakshistory.com/settlement/fish_record.htm> was given on February 4, 1860 and recorded in Eudora Book B, page 5.
Louis Pfeif, the draftsman who came on the first visit with Charles Durr, apparently just came once and returned to his job at the Chicago land and financial office called Iglehart & Co., according to Stefan Klinke, who studied Eudora's real estate transactions of the time. Land abstracts in 1862 show that Pfeif and his wife, Elizabeth, who appeared with him on transactions, enlisted in the Civil War causing the Eudora Homestead Association to have Theodore Tiedemann to act in his place. However, Louis Pfeiffer, who may have been the same person, and his wife left Eudora around 1870 and moved to San Francisco. Holy Family histories report he died there in 1916. Charles Durr (1821-1889), who ran Eudora's saw mill, corn cracker, and steam flouring mill, did settle in Eudora. He moved the sawmill to Lawrence around 1867, but returned to Eudora a few years later when he bought back his Eudora flour mill.
It was said that the settlement society named the town Eudora to honor Fish's daughter, Eudora, a name from the Greek language that means "beautiful." However, Oscar Richards, a land agent who knew Paschal Fish and handled his real estate transactions starting in 1857, said in 1893 that Fish requested the city be named after his daughter, and, the island in the Kansas River north of Eudora, to be called "Leander" after one of his sons. James Albert Hadley, who lived in Eudora, left his memories of Fish's daughter, Eudora, in a 1907 letter to the Kansas State Historical Society:

young woman had little Indian blood. Her father [Paschal Fish] was 7/8 white & her mother was the daughter of an important Ohio White family. The mother died & left the daughter, Eudora, & a younger Bro, Leander, who were raised & educated by their white grandmother in Ohio . . . . I called at Paschal Fish's place in October 1866 and was introduced to his daughter Eudora. She had no sign in face, figure or complexion of Indian blood."
Another account, this one from text accompanying Leander's photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives, claimed Paschal Fish, Jr., was half-Shawnee, one-eighth Miami and one-sixteenth Delaware, and the mother of Leander and Eudora was one-fourth Wyandot. In time, Paschal Fish, Jr., left Eudora, and by 1880 was living in southeast Kansas. He, his son, and daughter-in-law asked to be adopted into the Quapaw tribe living on land by Baxter Springs in 1880. This allowed Fish, the first non-Quapaw to be adopted into this tribe, to build a house on their reservation and rent it and the reservation land for grazing to cattle ranchers. The U.S. Secretary of Interior ruled the adoptions legal in 1883 in spite of protests as long as the Fishes lived on the reservation. The Quapaw on the reservation were open to adoption as the tribe had only 31 members, according to their Indian agent in 1880. Others had joined the Osage or lived elsewhere. However, in the next couple of years as adoptions increased, other Quapaw came to live on the reservation that was allotted into individual sections after the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887. To read more, see Larry Johnson's 2009 Tar Creek: A History of Quapaw Indians, the Largest Lead and Zinc Discovery, and the Tar Creek Superfund Site. (Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing).
The Eudora Town Company gave the settlers $4,000 for buildings, furniture, six yoke of oxen and mills for corn, grain, and lumber under the administration of Charles Dürr and Samuel A. Johnson. The party left Chicago and arrived at their destination, April 18, 1857. They settled near the Kansas River and Wakarusa River by the north side of the present Main Street.

The settlers built an 18-foot by 20-foot log cabin on a site directly behind (or east) of 714 Main Street, which they shared for awhile. Althought the log cabin in the photograph belonged to the Schneider family who lived on east Seventh Street, it gives an idea of the appearance of this communal home. Years later, the Gardner, Hill, and Company department store would use it for a warehouse, wrote Will Stadler in his 1907 account "Eudora Fifty Years Old!" They may have thought about living further south, because James Hadley, Hesper, wrote in his 1907 letter to George Martin: "The Chicago Germans located their colony first at 'South Chicago' 3 miles south of 'Hesper' early in the spring of 1857, but one house was buildt there when they bought the ground of Paschal Fish at the mouth of the Big Wakarusa & named the place Eudora for the great Shawnee's daughter."
A related group also came, but paid their own expenses, including: Anton Gufler, Charles Lothholz, Frederick Pilla, Friedrich Bartheldes, August Ziesenis, C. Neuman, Dan Kraus, and Abraham Summerfield, who had emigrated from Russia in 1850 to New York where he lived for five years. John Buck, a Prussian from Baymunden who came to the United States in 1847, also came in 1857 as did C. H. Richards, who moved to Lawrence after Quantrill's Raid and was a brother of long-time Eudora noteworthy Oscar Richards. In addition, Joseph Jacobs "came to this state in the spring of 1857" and "assisted in laying out the village of Eudora," claimed his biography.
Said David Katzman, a Kansas University professor, in a June 17, 1979 Lawrence Journal World article: "The town was founded by German immigrants many of whom had left after the revolution of 1848. They were called the '48ers.' Several in the group such as Summerfield and Cohn were Jewish. Katzman said they probably viewed their stay in the United States as temporary and sought out a German community. The Jewish arrival n Eudora makes the city the second oldest Jewish community in Kansas with Leavenworth holding the title of "oldest" by one year. In 18959, of the 29 households in the city, seven were Jewish. with the birth of several children, by 1863, Eudora had about 50 Jewish citizens. …
Copyright 2015. Cindy Higgins. Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw: A History of Eudora, Kansas. Eudora, KS: Author.
___________
From
http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/wyandott/history/1911/volume1/29.html (part of KSGenWeb Project)
and http://www.whatsineudora.com

Transcribed from History of Wyandotte County Kansas and its people ed. and comp. by Perl W. Morgan. Chicago, The Lewis publishing company, 1911. 2 v. front., illus., plates, ports., fold. map. 28 cm. [Vol. 2 contains biographical data. Paged continuously.]

Chapter III.
"Among others of the Shawnees who won distinction for meritorious work in aid of civilizing and educating the tribe was Paschal Fish. He was a local preacher and his brother Charles was an interpreter. They would listen to sermons preached by the white men in the missions and translate them for those of the Indians who could not understand English."

Chapter V.
"The Shawnee Indian mission was the most ambitious attempt of any Protestant church in the early times to care for the Indians of Kansas. In 1828 what was called the Fish band of Shawnee Indians was moved by the government from Ohio to Wyandotte county, Kansas. They were under the leadership of the Prophet [Ten-squat-a-way (The Open Door)], the brother of the great Tecumseh, who made his home near the spot where the town of Turner [Kansas] now stands. The following year [1829] the Reverend Thomas Johnson, a member of the Missouri conference of the Methodist church, followed the Indians to Turner, built a log house on the hill south of the Kansas river and began working among the red men as a missionary. In 1832 the rest of the Shawnee Indians from Ohio rejoined their tribe in Kansas. The government allotted them a large reservation of the best land in eastern Kansas..."

"The mission among the Delaware Indians [in Wyandotte County, Kansas] was opened in 1832 by the Reverend William Johnson and the Reverend Thomas Markham, appointed by the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church to take charge Though the Delawares were advancing in agriculture and their fine prairie lands interspersed with timber were improved, they had but little culture. Many of the elder members of the tribe retained their ancient prejudices against Christianity and, in consequence, the membership of the Mission church was never large...

"The Mission was erected in 1832 near a spring in a beautiful grove.. on the high divide on the site of the present town of White Church, facing east... It was destroyed by a tornado on
May 11, 1886.... After the inauguration of the mission and school by the Reverend William Johnson and the Reverend Thomas B. Markham, E. T. Peery was in charge from 1833 to 1836 inclusive ... Others who were connected with it were ... the Reverend Nathan Scarrett for whom the Scarrett Bible Training School is named, and the Reverend Paschal Fish.

"In the early days a log parsonage was erected and a camp ground was laid out in which great camp meetings for the Indians were held. These camp meetings... were attended by Indians of various tribes, many coming in their blankets. Each tribe had its interpreters to follow the words of the preacher, or exhorter, and translate them into English. The two Ketchums, James and Charles, full-blood Delawares, were interpreters...

"Prominent among the Delawares was Charles Ketchum, for many years a preacher in the Methodist church... In the separation troubles, in 1845, the Delawares went with their church to the southern branch. But Charles Ketchum adhered to the northern branch, built a church himself and kept the little remnant of the flock together...

"The interpreters for the northern branch were Charles Ketchum, Paschal Fish and Isaac Johnnycake."
----------------

Pascal "PAS-CAL-WE" FISH:
Census: 1856, #343 age 50

Notes:
100529
Title: Document granting land to Pascal Fish on behalf of other Fish family members
Description: This document, with President Buchanan's signature signed by a secretary, granted land to Pascal Fish and his family who were members of the "united tribe of Shawnee Indians." The land was granted under provisions of a treaty between the Shawnee Indians and the U. S. government signed May 10, 1854. Specific acreage in Johnson County was designated.
Dates: September 27, 1859
Number of Images: 1
Call Number: James Stanley Emery Collection, #339, Box 3, Folder Commissions 1854-1899
Location of Original: KSHS

See KHC, vol. 9, pp. 166,167. Historian Rodney Staab of Shawnee Mission, Kansas, has furnished me with an excellent account of Chief Fish written by Fern Long. Her information conflicts somewhat with other sources, but it should not be missed by anyone doing research on the Jackson/Fish family. According to her 1978 article on Chief Fish, she agrees that [William Jackson Fish] was captured as a youth and raised by the Shawnees in the band of Lewis Rogers whose daughter he married. Paschal Fish was "a large-framed man" who "also acquired the Indian ways seeming to be totally Indian." but at the same time, she says "these Shawnees had associated with white people for generations and desired a settled life with homes, schools, churches, ___and agriculture."

c) Hester Zane, lived in MO, d. 4/17/1852, bur. , m. 10/14/1846, Paschal Fish
i) Eudora Fish (1849-1877)
ii) Andrew Fish, b. 1851
iii) Leander J. Fish [b. 1852]

***

From Eudora Community Heritage of Our USA Bicentennial, 1776-1976
History Committee, Eudora Bicentennial Committee, 1977 :

Pages 6-11

INDIAN LANDS
The Kanza Indians, who were the native inhabitants of northeast Kansas, were of Siouan linguistic stock, having permanent villages, cornfields and gardens along the fertile river valleys of the State of Kansas. They also hunted for meat.

The United States government adopted a plan by the mid 1820's to remove Indians from east of the Mississippi River to the "vacant" lands in the west. (The lands were not vacant but were less populated and the white man kept wanting more land, as more people came to America for freedom from persecution in Europe.) The government called it "for humanitarian and political reasons"!

A treaty with the Kanza and Osage Indians (in the southeast part of the state) in 1825 restricted their territory. This led to unclaimed land west of the Missouri River. President Jackson's Indian Policy proposed voluntary emigration of the East Indians to the land west of the Mississippi river, acted on by Congress May 28, 1830 with Indians north of Ohio to relocate in Territorial Kansas reservations which were offered to 27 Tribes, including the Shawnee.

THE SHAWNEE INDIAN TRIBE
The Shawnee Indian Tribes were settled in the eastern part of North America forested areas of Ohio, Tennessee, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, since the mid-1700's. They spoke the Algonquian language and were tribally related to the Sauk and the Fox Tribes.
Most Shawnees had migrated west to Ohio by 1786 when the Government moved the Indians west of the Mississippi river, by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, when they were forced to the smaller reservation in Kansas.

Chief Cornstalk and Chief Tecumseh struggled to hold their land (Battle of Tippecanoe) but were defeated. The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, peacefully accepted the proposition.

The United Tribe of Shawnees started coming to Kansas in 1825 to the Shawnee Township, Wyandotte County. By 1828 most were moved, but much of the Tribe of the Fish came in 1831. The Fish Tribe had children educated in a Friends Mission school in Ohio. The Shawnee Indian Chief, Paschal Fish, Sr. [William Jackson Fish], was white and raised with Indians.

The Shawnee Reservation was from the Missouri River on the east, to the Republican River on the west, south of the Kansas River, about 150 miles long and 20 to 30 miles wide. It was almost the same size as the Delaware reservation on the north side of the Kaw River. The Reservation included a quarter of Shawnee County and Geary Counties, one third of Morris County, half of Waubaunsee, one-fifth of northern Franklin and Miami counties and all of Douglas and Johnson counties.

The Fish Tribe settled near Kansas City before moving to Eudora. At Shawnee Mission, called Johnson's Mission at first, the Fish family helped at the school operated by the Methodist Church, 1830-1862, arriving with 40 Indians and five whites. Paschal Fish, Sr., [William Jackson Fish] died there in 1834 [October 1833].

THE FISH TRIBE
The namesake of Paschal Fish, Sr. [William Jackson Fish], assumed leadership of the Fish Tribe at age 33 [about 1793]. Paschal, Jr., was also known by his white name of Andrew Jackson. Paschal is not an Indian name but means Easter or Passion, and could have been given him at the Friends Mission school he attended in Ohio. Paschal was also spelled Passel, Pascal, Paschal, Pascal and Pestle. He was listed on the 1854 Indian census rolls for the Shawnee Tribe as 50 years of age. He had a wife, Martha, age 40, son Obadiah age 12 years, Eudora (Udder) age 9, and Leander Jackson age 7. In 1860 Mary T. was listed as a member of the family of the original deed in Eudora, so may have been born after the census. Paschal also had a foster son, an orphan, who came here and received the same portion of land as his own children, according to an early deed and abstract. His first one or two wives apparently died and he married Mary Ann Steele (nee McClure). A daughter, Jane Q. was born, but died in 1873.

Pastel's brother Charles [b. about 1815] also lived here and was 41 years old on the [1854] census roll. He must have been married and had a child, as early city records list him paying a fine for a child in 1862 and 1864. A Jesse Fish paid $3.00 in 1863 and no mention of any relationship to Paschal or Charles. John also lived here and was an influential member of the Tribe. There was also a Julia Fish, who was the wife of Leander Jackson.

In 1837-38 Paschal was listed as a blacksmith and gunsmith assistant at Fort Leavenworth. In 1847-52 he served preaching assignments in Eudora, Shawnee Mission and the Chicago Mission (near Weston, Mo.).

Northern Methodist Church Shawnee Indian members of Shawnee Mission who came to Eudora area were the Fish family, James Captain, Wm. Rogers, Crane, Parks, (Joe and Wm.) and the Bluejackets (Chas. Geo. and Henry.)

Paschal and other prominent Indians kept open house for early day travelers to and through Eudora on the Westport-Fremont Trail from the northeast and from the Oregon trail on the southeast, going west to Lawrence, Oregon and California.

Paschal Fish has been described as kind, friendly, educated, speaking English well, but sometimes signed his name with an X. On the Eudora deed when he sold to the German Settlement Society he wrote legibly. He probably moved to this area in the 1840's, although the land here was not given to Tribe members until the Treaty of May 10, 1854, when the Government provided 200 acres to each member of the chief's family, to be selected from the Shawnee reservation. Paschal chose 1172 1/2 acres, where the Wakarusa river joins the Kaw. They were given the right to sell their land, and he sold 774 1/2 acres in 1857 to Chicago Settlement Company.

Paschal and brother Charles operated a ferry boat across the Kansas River near the mouth of the Wakarusa. The legislature licensed him to operate the ferry a mile up and a mile down stream. DeSoto had the next ferry to the east. In 1846 a portion of Doniphan's expedition to Mexico crossed the river at Eudora on a ferry. His home was said to be where the Bob Lothholz's live, 1 mile east. These ferry boats were large flat scows (or piroughs) manned by Indians dressed in colorful shirts, shawls and headbands.

In 1854 Paschal Fish built a thatched roof hotel (store, tavern, Inn), called the Fish House, located on the 1857 Territorial Map. It was about a mile south of the river in Block no. 154, Lot no. 9 at about 17th and Main St. on the property recently sold by Mrs. Francis Skinner, half to the Highway Department for the new no. 10 highway and half to a builder. The Fish House provided meager accommodations to travelers on the early trails. An early account of an overnight stay says the sleeping room was 16' x 16' with 32 people sleeping in a mass on the floor. There was one bed with prairie hay mattress, six chairs and a fireplace, and it was overcrowded! Bedding was buffalo hides or bedding from wagons. The Territorial Governor of Kansas, Andrew Redder had to go south to Blanton's Bridge to cross, due to high water on Wakarusa and a Company of pro-slavery men at Franklin. He reached the Fish House at daylight, hiding his horse and carriage and staying hid. He left the next day. The hotel was a polling place in 1855. Reports reveal a blacksmith shop and grocery or general store in connection with the hotel. The building was later enlarged.

City records state that Paschal Fish went to Washington D.C. for the city, after Eudora was settled [in 1857]. Also there was Chief Johnny Cake living in Eudora area who went to see "the Great White Father", according to an article written by Mary E. Mosher, who lived here in 1865-66. There was also an interpreter, Charlie King, who could have been Charlie Fish. She wrote that a number of the Indians lived in houses of the best class, spoke good English, being educated in Mission schools.

-----------------------

Under Other Flags / Indian Lands / Oregon Trail / Mission / Becomes a City / Sad Years / Railroads / Business / Education
Published by West Junior High, NEH project, with permission of the Eudora Community Heritage, History Committee, Eudora Bicentennial Commission, 1977.

page 449
194. Long, Fern. "Revised Indian History re: Pascal Fish, Sr." Eudora Enterprise [Eudora, KS] June 22, 1978, 4A. This the first of three articles, traces the descendants of the Shawnee chief Pascal Fish, Sr., [William Jackson Fish] who brought the Lewis Rogers band of Shawnees from Missouri to the present day Kansas City area in 1830. According to information given here, this band was a portion of the Shawnees who had migrated to Missouri in 1784, settling on a branch of the Meramac River (while a majority settles around Cape Girardeau about 1803). A descendant, Charles Fish, was an interpreter at Dr. Abraham Still's Friends' Wakarusa Mission.

**************************************

From Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West by John P. Bowes (New York, 2007)
pp. 1-3:
"For example, a letter written in April 1850 by six Shawnee men. Charles Fish, Paschal Fish, James Captain, John Fish, Crane, and William Rogers wrote to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Orlando Brown from their homes south of the Kansas River just west of the Missouri border. Their seven-page missive detailed a number of complaints against the Methodists living and working on their reserve. Among other misdeeds, the missionaries had bribed and corrupted members of the Shawnee Council and neglected the children who attended their manual labor school. 'The truth cannot be concealed,' the six Shawnees proclaimed, 'they [the Methodists] have departed from their legitimate office and have become "money changers."' But this accusation did not complete the list of grievances. The missionaries had also sided with proslavery forces in the recent split of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They then proceeded to harass those Shawnees who supported the antislavery Methodists and would not allow a northern preacher on the reserve. Charles Fish and his partners had a simple question for Commissioner Brown: 'Shall we who live on free soil enjoy less liberty than the citizens of a slave state?'

"...Multilayered relationships in eastern Kansas influenced those six Shawnee men. An internal power struggle with a faction of Ohio Shawnees partially explains the written attack against the Methodists. But the choice of words is also telling. Charles Fish and his compatriots charged the missionaries with abandoning their religious principles and becoming 'money changers.' The very use of the phrase, perhaps a reference to the men Jesus threw out of the temple in a familiar Biblical event, highlights the background of at least two of the Shawnees. Both Charles and his brother Paschal attended mission schools in their youth, and while Charles translated for missionaries in the 1840s, Paschal often preached at the services. Finally, in their references to slavery these men displayed a clear understanding of past legislation and contemporary politics. They knew the Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in their region and wanted it known that both missionaries and Shawnee leaders were in direct violation of that legislation."

p. 109:
"The number of ...government-appointed positions increased dramatically with the establishment of reserves and Indian agencies in the western territories. In 1838 alone, the Fort Leavenworth Agency employed eight different mixed-descent men... Among [the seven who worked as assistant blacksmiths] were Paschal Fish, Charles Fish and Nelson Rogers, all products of relations between Anglo-American men taken captive as children and Shawnee women they later married. At Indian agencies throughout the trans-Mississippi West, men like Tiblow, the Fish brothers, and Rogers performed services as interpreters and as assistant blacksmiths for salaries that by the early 1850s reached up to $400 per year."

pp. 112-113:
"A prevalent business in the 1840s entailed charging American travelers for passage across the creeks and rivers that impeded their journey along the various trails that originated in the Missouri border towns... Wyandots, Shawnees, Potawatomis, and Delawares all ran small ferries at the various rivers in eastern Kansas that coursed across both their reserves and the popular emigration trails... Only a few miles east of the Potawatomi reserve, Paschal and Charles Fish, two Anglo-Shawnee brothers, also operated a ferry on the Kansas River. They benefitted not only from emigrant travel but also from the U.S. soldiers that required the Indian flatboats on their way to Mexico in 1846.

"Paschal Fish did more than just operate a ferry, however. He took advantage of other traveler needs and by the 1850s transformed his home into an inn. Located approximately ten miles east of present-day Lawrence, his two-story house greeted weary travelers in need of food and a place to rest their heads. Although the creaking cottonwood boards did not always inspire confidence in the stability of the second floor, and competition for the single washbasin and square mirror often delayed morning preparations, the inn nevertheless received satisfactory evaluations. A hot breakfast, complete with fresh biscuits and coffee, was served, and it sent travelers on their way. Fish also owned a small store and cultivated approximately one hundred acres of corn and thirty acres of oats. Wagon train drivers told visitors stories of this Shawnee man who 'don't drink a drop of whiskey' and who sat on his porch with his hat on, 'in a ruminating mood.' Although these drivers may have tried to make their stories more colorful with such descriptions, it remained clear that informed travelers in the 1850s knew of Paschal Fish and the services he provided."

p.167:
"Federal misconceptions about Shawnee society and politics compounded [disagreements about title and rights of occupancy of the Western Reserve.] Most treaties failed to recognize the numerous bands that comprised the larger Shawnee community. The Missouri Shawnees, under which designation the Fish, Rogerstown, Apple Creek, and Cape Girardeau bands fell, were not a homogeneous entity with shared political interests. Neither were the Ohio Shawnees, whose membership included the Wapakoneta, Hog Creek, Huron River, and Lewistown bands. Many of these competing interests played out during the relocation to the Kansas River reserve. The Cape Girardeau band believed that government commissioners had misled them about the 1825 treaty and argued that they had never agreed to allow any Ohio Shawnees to settle on the western lands. As a result, a portion of the Shawnees under the leadership of Black Bob did not move to eastern Kansas and instead settled along the White River in Arkansas. Meanwhile, the Rogerstown and Fish bands traveled directly to eastern Kansas, where successive parties of Oh9io Shawnees joined them over the next several years. A more complete reunion in 1833 occurred only through intimidation. Black Bob's band still had no desire to move to the Kansas River."

pp. 169-171:
"For the better part of the first three decades they resided on the reserve, the Shawnees also used the Christian missions as a channel for their political struggles. From 1830 to the late 1850s, the Shawnees attempted to control the access and impact of missionaries. Negotiations with the Baptists, Methodist, and Quakers had begun even before the arrival of the Wapakoneta and Hog Creek Shawnees. Unfortunately, at least in the missionaries' eyes, the Shawnees in the West refused to limit themselves to the services of only one denomination. Several headmen welcomed both day and boarding schools, all the while stressing their interest in the services the missionaries provided as opposed to the theology the ministers preached. Although the struggles regarding education and religion did not always involve the larger internal conflicts, such battles more often than not reflected the political divisions on the reserve.

"In the summer of 1830, the Methodists and the Baptists answered the call for a missionary among the Shawnees. A Missouri Shawnee chief named Fish spoke to the local Indian Agent, George Vashon, and requested a missionary establishment to educate the children of his band. Fish, also known as William Jackson, was a white man raised among the Shawnees since childhood. He and his band relocated to eastern Kansas from Missouri in 1828, and now wanted a school. Vashon quickly responded to this request and passed along the message to Reverend Jesse Green, the Presiding Elder for the Missouri District of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). As the letter made its way to Green, however, another missionary intruded. Isaac McCoy entered the Shawnee reserve in August 1830 while on a survey expedition for the Delawares. The missionary and his two sons encouraged the Shawnees to accept a Baptist mission. Tenskwatawa ["the Shawnee Prophet"], Captain Peter Cornstalk, Captain William Perry, and the other assembled Shawnees appeared pleased with his offer. After the formal council, McCoy also spoke with Fish, at which time the Shawnee headman reiterated his desire for a mission school. But this meeting did not alter his first agreement. Fish's band would have a Methodist school and the Ohio Shawnees would have a Baptist school. In September 1830 the Methodists organized their mission and appointed Thomas Johnson as its supervisor. Johnston Lykins, McCoy's son-in-law, crossed the Mississippi in July 1831 and commenced construction on the Baptist mission.

"...arguments between the Baptists and Methodists were pointless because most Shawnees did not dwell on theological differences. Shawnee parents saw an opportunity for their children to learn to read, write, and gain skills that would give them an advantage in future interactions with American citizens and society. As a result, they protested when any missionary appeared to stray. In May 1833, John Perry, William Perry, and Peter Cornstalk complained to William Clark about the Methodists. Rather than dwelling on issues of religion, these Shawnee leaders criticized Thomas Johnson for meddling in their affairs... They even made it clear that although they had given leave to Johnson to set up a school for fish's band, they did not want him 'to meddle himself with our people.' Yet, the Shawnees' displeasure extended to the Baptists as well. At two different points in 1834 the tribal council requested that the government remove all missionaries from their lands. Isaac McCoy questioned this decision, and he implied that white men in the vicinity unduly influenced the Shawnees against the missionaries. Putting aside his differences with his religious adversaries, McCoy insisted that the majority of the western Shawnees accepted and desired the Baptists and the Methodists.

"By blaming Shawnee complaints on outside meddlers, McCoy ignored both the content of the Indians' initial requests and the missionaries' initial failure to follow through on their promises. When Fish spoke to Agent Vashon in the summer of 1830, he asked for a mission to educate the children. The Shawnee chief's son, Paschal, already had some schooling, and the headman wanted the other children in his band to learn as well. Although other Shawnee leaders did not take the same initiative as Fish, they acceded to the missionary presence, and some welcomed the educational opportunity for their children."

p. 173:
"Twenty-seven Shawnees attended regularly during the [Methodists' Manual Labor School's] first year in 1839. Over the next decade, the number rose only slightly, reaching thirty-six in 1851. Four years later, according to Johnson's records, the attendance of Shawnee children reached eighty-seven. These affiliations extended beyond the children and into the participation and conversion of adults. Although [William Jackson] Fish died in October 1834, his sons Paschal and Charles followed the wishes of their father. Paschal served as a class leader at the mission meetings by 1838, exhorted in public the following year, and became a licensed preacher in 1843. Lewis and William Rogers joined Paschal at the meetings in the late 1830s and early 1840s, which meant that the Rogerstown band also had a presence. The Rogerses were sons of Lewis Rogers, a white captive, and the daughter of the Shawnee chief Blackfish. The two boys and their brothers had gone to a Methodist school in Kentucky, which no doubt influenced their affiliation. Meanwhile, Waywaleapy continued to participate in the Methodist meetings and even spoke during religious services. Although Methodist Shawnees were still a significant minority, their participation illustrated the ability of Johnson and his colleagues to transcend tribal politics."

pp. 174-175:
The Methodist Episcopal Church "split in 1845 into a northern and a southern division, neither side willing to compromise [on the issue of slavery]. Without hesitation, Thomas Johnson affiliated himself and the school with the southern [proslavery] faction.

"The rift in the church revived the divisions within the Shawnee Methodists. By the following year [1846] Shawnees with antislavery leanings began to keep their children out of the Manual Labor School. Then in 1849, approximately eight-five Shawnees petition the MEC North to send them a preacher so that they could continue to hold services. Reverend Thomas Markham's arrival brought a quick response. Indian Agent Luke Lea notified the minister that the Shawnee Council wanted the northern preacher off the reserve... Markham's supporters countered quickly. In a communication to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Orlando Brown, Paschal Fish, Charles Fish, and William Rogers railed against Johnson's stance and argued that Lea overstepped the authority of his office. 'We as an independent people chose to remain in the old church,' they declared. More important, the Fish brothers and Rogers declared that the Shawnee council had gone too far. They asked that the Shawnee chiefs be informed, 'that this [religious affiliation] is a matter over which they have no right to control.'"

pp. 176-177:
"[In 1851] the Shawnees adopted a republican form of government, a move that heralded a more substantial transformation. This new governing structure contained seven elected officials: a head chief, a second chief, and five council members. Elections took place every autumn... A delegation of Shawnees, including Black Bob, protested to U.S. officials only a few years after the change. Rather than welcoming an elective government, Black Bob and his supporters believed that the old hereditary chief would best represent the tribe's interests..."

p. 177:
"[Joseph] Parks became the first elected chief in 1852 and over the next two years came under fire [from Black Bob and other like-minded Shawnees supporting the traditional hereditary chief system] for appearing to promote a new treaty with U.S. officials. But his position at the head of a new republican government recognized by the United States made the new chief difficult to depose or even oppose. Knowing that they lacked the power to initiate change from within, a delegation of six Shawnees visited the Kansas Agency in October 1853. Thomas Captain and Charles Bluejacket joined the familiar leading men of the Missouri bands, Charles Fish, Paschal Fish, Henry Rogers, and William Rogers, in protesting the future plans of their principal chief. They had heard that Parks was preparing to hire a frequent business partner of his, a lawyer named Richard W. Thompson, to draw up a treaty to send to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. From all appearances, their complaints went unanswered. Indeed, it helped the U.S. government to have the Shawnee principal chief amenable to a treaty at a time when American expansion had become both desired and unavoidable.

"As the Shawnees faced the prospect of an organized Kansas Territory in 1854, they remained as divided as they had been when they first arrived on the reserve."

p. 222:
"Contests over authority among the Shawnees after 1854 were imbalanced. The Shawnees who held their lands in severalty dominated the elected council. Although Ohio Shawnees formed the core of this group, the leadership ranks included men of mixed descent who nominally belonged to the Missouri faction. Graham Rogers a member of the Council in the 1850s and the elected principal chief in 1865, was one of the more prominent of these Missouri-born Shawnees who accepted allotment and allied with the Ohio faction. He was the son of Lewis Rogers, a white man adopted by the Shawnees in the 1700s, and Parlie Blackfish, the daughter of the Shawnee leader Blackfish. Along with other members of the Shawnee band that once lived at Rogerstown, Graham and his family had settled along the Kansas River in 1828. He and other members of the Rogers band allied with the leading members of the Ohio Shawnees."

pp. 223-226:
"[During the Civil War, [b]oth the Black Bob and Absentee Shawnees disputed the right of the Ohio faction to control the lands in Kansas, especially since the 1825 treaty that established the Western Reserve bore the marks of Missouri Shawnees.

"...In 1861, the Confederacy sent Albert Pike on a diplomatic mission to Indian territory. Southern sympathizers, Creek Indians among them, harassed the Absentee Shawnees when the latter refused to ally with the confederacy. Rather than endure this harassment, the Shawnees left Indian Territory and traveled north to Kansas... By the summer of 1863, the migration of Absentee Shawnees had increased the population of the refugee settlements on the Black Bob lands to more than one hundred and fifty men, women, and children. In the winter of 1864 the community expanded again when five hundred to seven hundred Shawnees fled their homes along the Kansas-Missouri and Kansas-Indian Territory borders.

"With this refugee infusion, the more traditional element now had the numbers to opposed the severalty Shawnees Approximately five hundred and forty Absentees resided in Kansas by the fall of 1863, and together with the Black Bob Shawnees, this mixed band totaled nearly seven hundred and seventy... Although voting normally took place in the fall, the 1862 elections were postponed to January 1863 because of wartime unrest. But when the Shawnees came together at DeSoto on January 12, a disagreement arose as to the manner of elections and those who would be allowed to participate... Now the Black Bobs argued that 'all Shawnees that held their land in severalty were citizens, and had no rights in the tribe.' In a decisive move, they held a separate election. On January 14 these Missouri Shawnees gathered at Paschal Fish's house and elected Black Bob as head chief and Paschal Fish as assistant chief. In the election report sent to President Abraham Lincoln, this alternate leadership argued their case in simple terms. 'Which shall govern,' they asked, 'the majority or the minority[?]' From their position the proper answer was clear. Yet, neither Lincoln nor any other federal official viewed this election as legitimate and did not alter their relationship with the Ohio Shawnee Council. Nevertheless Paschal Fish continued to assert the rights and authority of the Missouri Shawnees even after Black Bob's death in 1864.

"The Ohio Shawnees eagerly cast Paschal Fish as a hypocrite. He not only owned land in severalty, they pointed out, but had also served as an elected member of the Shawnee Council at various times from 1852 to 1860. Fish and his family had accepted allotments under the terms of the 1854 treaty. He had also actively participated in the republican government before his sudden passion for Black Bob's cause. Indeed, the Shawnees elected Paschal Fish as their principal chief in the fall of 1859. However, Fish resigned in disgrace less than a year into his tenure. 'A charge was made against him,' Charles Bluejacket explained, 'of receiving a bribe of one thousand dollars to induce him to pay to certain claimants a large sum of money belonging to the tribe.' Apparently the evidence was damning enough to force Fish's resignation. According to Bluejacket, Fish became an enemy of the Council from that point forward, and in Black Bob the former headman found a person and a cause to manipulate. Because Fish had attended a missionary school as a child and even became a Methodist preacher, his western education far surpassed that of most in the Black Bob band, and an intermediary role presented opportunities to influence negotiations. Critics of Fish also attacked his association with Abelard Guthrie. Guthrie, the Wyandot by adoption who claimed in the 1860s that he alone was responsible for the organization of Kansas Territory, was often accused in the 1860s of meddling in Shawnee affairs. Charles Bluejacket and others viewed Guthrie as a blowhard and an opportunist taking advantage of dissension to promote a personal agenda.

"Consequently, Paschal Fish's leadership may have had the unfortunate consequence of undermining the legitimacy of Missouri Shawnee opposition. At the very least, his participation made it easier for federal officials to ignore the voices of those Shawnees determined to assert traditional rights to leadership. Fish's personal history as a speculator and disgraced principal chief overshadowed the fact that the Missouri Shawnees had long seen themselves as the proper leaders based on the ancient divisions. But it is also likely that the federal government would have held the same position regardless of Fish's participation. Federal officials had consistently revealed a desire to promote 'government chiefs' and to create single polities from the multiple bands and villages of Indians who once populated the southern Great Lakes region. Rather than negotiating separately with several leaders, federal agents and commissioners had long advocated centralized native governments with at least nominal authority to make business decisions. Paschal Fish's presence would not necessarily have altered their position."

pp.231-232:
"From 1857, when government surveyors finalized selections among the Kansas Shawnees, to 1866, allotment, warfare, sales, and taxation separated most Shawnees from at least a portion of their original selection. Although numerous factors made the process of dispossession seemingly complex, the actual equation was simple. Conditions in Kansas made it difficult for anyone but the wealthy to hold on to their allotments. Before 1860, land sales occurred primarily at the instigation of prosperous Shawnees. As early as July 1857 local officials reported that, 'a number of the principal men of the tribe such as the Chief Joseph Parks, Blue Jacket and others are buying out those that will sell.' they key question was whether the federal government would validate such exchanges, and how soon the Office of Indian Affairs would permit sales to white men. Paschal Fish in particular intended to profit from eager and prosperous emigrants. In the winter of 1856-1857, he met three German speculators who traveled from Chicago to Kansas to purchase land on which they might establish a town. After a brief negotiation, the three men arranged to buy a large section at the mouth of the Wakarusa River. According to the contract, the town company would survey all of the eight hundred acres purchased from Fish. In a canny business move, however, fish sold the men only half of the acreage and retained the remaining four hundred acres in alternating sections on the surveyed town site. Then, in February 1858, the Shawnee real estate mogul sent a letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs James Denver requesting a patent in fee simple for the land he and his family selected under the 1854 treaty. 'I propose to sell all or a portion of my lands to a company of men from Chicago, Illinois who intend to build up a town,' Fish explained, 'and unless you shall favorably regard my request I shall be unable to retain them here and my lands and those of my neighbors will lose the plus value they might acquire by the instance of that town.' Yet this communication was nothing more than a formality. The Chicago group settled, built, and populated the town of Eudora, [Kansas] appropriately named after one of Fish's daughters. Following the lead of the Territorial Legislature, Governor Samuel Medary approved Eudora's charter in February 1859. The only hindrance to the town's existence was the fact that Fish still had not received an official deed to his land from the federal government by the summer of 1859.

"... an act passed by Congress and approved in March 1859 set a number of conditions to be met before an Indian could sell off part of his or her allotment. These conditions included a certificate of competency signed by two chiefs of the individual's tribe as well as a certificate from the appropriate Indian Agent. If these and other steps were not fulfilled, the Secretary of the Interior could reject the deed. As illustrated by Paschal Fish, however, federal inaction did not necessarily hinder land transfers. This lax system cut both ways. Land sales helped Shawnees in desperate need of money to purchase food and clothing in the early 1860s. Yet the ease with which deeds were written and ownership transferred also made it easier for Shawnees to lose their allotments."

pp.238-239:
"[On] June 7, 1869, the Shawnee Council reached an agreement with the Cherokees, whereby the Shawnees would pay the Cherokees approximately $50,000 and would become members of the Cherokee Nation. The severalty Shawnees thus became Cherokee-Shawnees. President Grant approved this agreement on June 9, and the Shawnees arranged the disposal of their Kansas territory. Because of this agreement, the Shawnees, through their former agent and current attorney James Abbott, requested that 'the rules and regulations for the conveyance of their lands be so modified as to permit them to dispose of all their lands.' By 1871, seven hundred and seventy Shawnees resided within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

"Even as they struggled to reach this agreement, the Shawnee Council battled with the Black Bob Shawnees over the latter's thirty-three thousand acre reserve. By 1865, squatters had laid claim to most of that land. Then in 1866, right before his term ended, Shawnee Agent James Abbott issued patents to individual plots on the reserve to sixty-nine Black Bob Shawnees. Most of the plots were promptly sold to persons other than the squatters. The resulting conflicting claims placed the Black Bob band in the middle of a legal battle that lasted into the 1880s. Paschal Fish argued that Abbott had issued fraudulent patents and that the subsequent sales should not be recognized. Further investigation by Kansas officials supported Fish's accusations. 'I never applied for a patent to my land,' a Shawnee named Wahkachawa testified in July 1869, 'nor never authorized any one to do so for me; I am opposed to the issuance of patents.' On the same day Wahkachawa registered his complaint, Jim Jacob and John Perry informed Justice of the Peace for Johnson County Sherman Kellogg that at least three of the Black Bobs who reportedly requested patents had been dead for years.

"...When a series of appeals and lawsuits by squatters and other interested parties kept the issue alive, the Black Bob Shawnees chose to leave Kansas without obtaining any satisfactory resolution. Rather than wait for financial closure that might never come, most of the Black Bobs moved to Indian Territory."

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From http://www.kansasheritage.org/werner/tavern.html - Hotels, Taverns and Stage Stations:
Fish's Hotel 1850's, Eudora, KT. Pascal Fish, Prop. At jct. of ferry road and Westport & Lawrence road, near center of S8 T13S R23E. (KHQ V.2 P.276)

and
from http://www.kansasheritage.org/werner/ferry.html - Fords, Ferries and Bridges:
Fish's Ferry 1845 on Kansas River at present Eudora. Pascal Fish, Prop. Units of Col. Stephen W. Kearny's Army of the West crossed here in 1846. Eudora P.O.1857, Frederick Metzeke, postmaster. (KHQ v.2 p.276; Barry p.558, 585, etc.)

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From http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kansas/ :
Shawnee . In 1825 the Shawnee residing in Missouri received a grant of land along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri. In 1831 they were joined by another body of Shawnee who had formerly lived at Wapaghkonnetta and on Hog Creek, Ohio. In 1854 nearly all of this land was re-ceded to the United States Government and the tribe moved to Indian Territory, the present Oklahoma. (See Tennessee .)

-----
From The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee, A Chronology by Larry Hancks:
1858 - January 1; Paschal Fish is elected Head Chief of the Shawnee Nation, replacing Captain Joseph Parks. Fish owns and operates a trading store and ferry on the site of the present town of Eudora (named for his daughter), some 6 miles east of Lawrence.

***

From The Shawnees and Their Neighbors by Stephen Warren, 2008, pp. 120-121:

Boachman's Shawnee relatives through marriage, including Lewis Rogers, Paschal Fish, and Henry Rogers, worked as exhorters, interpreters, leaders, and stewards in the late 1830s and 1840s. Men with Methodist ties dominated government posts as blacksmiths and interpreters as well. Some of these positions were lucrative. In 1838, Paschal Fish and his brother, Charles, earned $120 and $60, respectively, as assistant blacksmiths. In that year, unnamed "Shawnee chiefs" earned $310. Richard Cummins made this possible by favoring Johnson's supporters. The promise of steady employment and greater influence appealed to men such as Joseph Parks, whose wealth in land and status in the Old Northwest was well known. Cummins managed to justify hiring Parks as his interpreter to the emigrant Indians, despite the fact that Parks "does not understand much of the languages" common in the Indian Territory.
Methodist ties to government officials helped them lure prominent Ohio Shawnees, including Wewellipu, the speaker for the Shawnee nation, to their church. Their success with top Shawnee leaders led to an increasing number of converts and guaranteed their dominance on the reservation. Thirty-three Shawnees were baptized in 1841 alone, more than three times the number recorded by the Baptists in that same year. Between 1841 and 1844, members of the Perry and Blackhoof families abandoned the Baptists and began to appear at Methodist functions, suggesting that the Wapakoneta Shawnees' long-standing prejudice against Methodism, dating back to the 1820s, had begun to subside. Thomas Johnson's son, Alec, recalled that "every Johnson child was adopted by the Indians and given a name." The Shawnee "baptism" took place during the Green Corn Dance. Alec Johnson was adopted and Wapakumseka, or "Sun Shining on the Water," by Paschal Fish. The younger Blackhoof accompanied Fish and adopted another missionary's child, naming him Katawekasa. Early success with the Rogerstown and Hog Creek Shawnees, disciplined expansion of their mission, and the ability to procure steady financial support translated into a marked increase of Ohio and Missouri Shawnees to the Methodist ranks. The Methodists secured partnerships with both Ohio and Missouri Shawnee leaders, thus ensuring the economic and diplomatic prowess of their mission. The Methodists were the first denomination to significantly break down the division between villagers from Ohio and Missouri, and united them in a new, Christian community.
Shawnees affiliated with the Methodist mission also conveyed Methodism to American Indians beyond the reservation. Exhorters were particularly important to the success of the camp meeting, for their chief duty was to invite "sinners to enter the pen by reminding them of the prospects of hell and damnation awaiting those who failed to take the step." They were responsible for those who remained unconvinced of the need for Christian conversion. At an intertribal camp meeting in 1842, a Methodist missionary described the exhorter's role. Three Kansa Indians had continually frustrated Thomas Johnson's wife, Sarah, in her attempts to convince them of the need for conversion. However, as the camp meeting wore on, one of their number "fell from where he was sitting . . . trembling under all the horrors of deep and pungent conviction." At this point "brother Fish" of the Rogerstown Shawnees arrived and "pointed him to Christ." Soon thereafter, the Kansa woke from his confused state and remarked that "the good Lord loves me now." Fish had done his job by exhorting the unconverted among them into the church. These early successes allowed the Methodists to expand their operation from their base on the Shawnee reservation to neighboring tribes, including the Kansa.

***

From The Shawnees and Their Neighbors by Stephen Warren, 2008, pp. 128-129:

Some Shawnees profited from the [westward] traffic. Paschal Fish, a Shawnee from Rogerstown, Missouri, ran a ferry on the Kansas River, a blacksmith shop, and a hotel for migrants. Fish, and a handful of others like him, had farms large enough to sell surplus produce and livestock to the travelers. Fish learned early on how to walk the boundary between Shawnee and American worlds. As a young boy he was sent to Richard M. Johnson's Choctaw Academy in Kentucky. As an adult he not only became a Methodist missionary among the Shawnees and Kickapoos, but also an entrepreneur for all occasions. The roads westward provided so many opportunities for Fish that J. J. Lutz, one of Fish's Methodist colleagues, remembered that "P. Fish . . . was particularly fond of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus." Fish's interest in this parable about a sinful man who selfishly accumulates wealth reveals that he worried about the consequences of his role in forging a new economic and political order on the reservation.

• Legislation: Indian Removal Act passed by Congress, 28 May 1830, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.

• Treaty: Ceded Land along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri back to United States, 10 May 1854.

• Sold: 800 acres to German Settlement Society, Feb 1857, (Eudora, Kansas, United States).

• On the same date in February 1857, Paschal Fish bought back the odd-numbered lots of at least three blocks between the Kaw and Wakarusa rivers. At that time, before Eudora was a town, there were only 4 townships in Douglas County.

• Incorporated: Eudora, Kansas, incorporated as a city, Fall 1858, Eudora, Kansas, United States.

• Represented: city of Eudora, Kansas, May 1860, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.

• Moved: From Eudora to Indian Territory near Miami, Oklahoma, 1870, Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States.

• Adopted: into the Quapaw tribe, 1 Oct 1880, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁷⁷ (Participant)

• Roll: of Quapaw members entitled to share moneys derived from grazing and sales of hay, 15 Mar 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). ⁸¹ (Mentioned)

• Affadavit: from Charley Quapaw, Head Chief of the Quapaw tribe of Indians and interpreter Alphonse Vallies, 20 May 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).

• Authorization: granted by the U.S. Department of the Interior to the Quapaw tribe of Indians, 14 Mar 1891, Washington D.C., United States. ³⁶ (Mentioned)

Paschal married Hester Armstrong Zane ⁷² 14 Oct 1846 or 1847 in <Ohio>, United States. Hester was born in 1816 in Champaign Co., Ohio, United States, died on 17 Apr 1852 in <Wyandotte, Kansas>, United States at age 36, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Another name for Hester was Hetty Zane.

i. Obediah Fish was born about 1842. Another name for Obediah was Obadiah Fish.

ii. Eudora A. Fish was born about 1848 in Kansas Territory (Kansas), United States, died on 10 Apr 1877 in LaCygne, Linn, Kansas, United States^¹⁷⁹ about age 29, and was buried in 1877 in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States.^¹⁷⁹ Other names for Eudora were Dora Fish, Dorah Fish, and Udora Fish. Eudora married Dallas Emmons ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹ ¹⁸² in 1868. Dallas was born on 2 May 1843 in New Jersey, United States, died on 10 Oct 1921 in Lynwood, Los Angeles, California, United States at age 78, and was buried in Angelus Rosedale Cemetery, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.^¹⁸³ Other names for Dallas were Dallis Emmons and Dallas Emonds.

32 iv. Leander Jackson Fish (born on 7 May 1852 in (Wyandotte), Indian Territory (Kansas), United States - died on 20 Nov 1914 in [near Quapaw], Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Leander married Julia Parks ³³ on 28 Apr 1878 in Cherokee, Kansas, United States.⁹² The marriage ended in divorce in 1883. Another name for Julia was Julia Parke. Leander next married Mary Katherine Large,²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ daughter of Richard Joseph Large ³¹ ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ ⁹⁸ ⁹⁹ and Mary Jane Davidson,³¹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ on 20 Jan 1895 in (Muscogee), Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).⁹³ The marriage ended in divorce. Mary was born on 6 May 1874 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, died on 11 Aug 1939^⁹⁴ at age 65, and was buried on 14 Aug 1939 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Other names for Mary were Katie Large, Katy Large, Mary C. Large, Mary Kathern Large, Mary Kathryn Large, and Mary Katherine Large Wills. Leander next married Rose Fish. Leander next married Josephine Heitz. Josephine was born about 1884.

Paschal next married Mary Ann McClure ¹⁸⁴ after 1852. Mary was born about 1795. Other names for Mary were Mary Ann Clure, Mary Ann McLane, Mary Ann Steel, and Mary Anne Steele.

Paschal next married Martha Captain ³³ in 1840 in Kansas, United States.¹⁸⁵ Martha was born about 1814.

Birth Notes: The 1854 Indian census roll lists Martha, age 40, as the wife of Paschal Fish Jr., placing her birth year as 1813 or 1814.

She may have been born in 1819 in the Shawnee Tribe in the Kansas Territory.

Paschal next married Jane Quinney in 1859 in Kansas Territory (Kansas), United States. Jane was born about 1820 in Missouri, United States and died in 1873 about age 53. Other names for Jane were Jane Q. Fish and Hoh-tha-wa-ka-se Quinney.

Marriage Notes: Source:
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2394013&id=I3288

• Census: U.S., 16 Jul 1870, Eudora, Douglas, Kansas, United States. ⁷⁶ (Household Member)

32 i. Leander Jackson Fish (born on 7 May 1852 in (Wyandotte), Indian Territory (Kansas), United States - died on 20 Nov 1914 in [near Quapaw], Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Leander married Julia Parks ³³ on 28 Apr 1878 in Cherokee, Kansas, United States.⁹² The marriage ended in divorce in 1883. Another name for Julia was Julia Parke. Leander next married Mary Katherine Large,²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ daughter of Richard Joseph Large ³¹ ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ ⁹⁸ ⁹⁹ and Mary Jane Davidson,³¹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ on 20 Jan 1895 in (Muscogee), Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).⁹³ The marriage ended in divorce. Mary was born on 6 May 1874 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, died on 11 Aug 1939^⁹⁴ at age 65, and was buried on 14 Aug 1939 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Other names for Mary were Katie Large, Katy Large, Mary C. Large, Mary Kathern Large, Mary Kathryn Large, and Mary Katherine Large Wills. Leander next married Rose Fish. Leander next married Josephine Heitz. Josephine was born about 1884.

65. Hester Armstrong Zane,⁷² daughter of General Isaac W. Zane Jr. ¹³ ¹⁸⁶ ¹⁸⁷ ¹⁸⁸ and Hanna Dickison,¹³ ¹⁸⁹ ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ ¹⁹² was born in 1816 in Champaign Co., Ohio, United States, died on 17 Apr 1852 in <Wyandotte, Kansas>, United States at age 36, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Another name for Hester was Hetty Zane.

Birth Notes: Source RootsWeb: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0359

Death Notes: From www.wyandot.org/burial.htm:
WYANDOT BURIALS
Huron Cemetery - Wyandotte National Burial Ground
The following is a list of individuals who are believed to have been buried in the Huron Indian Cemetery. The list is derived from the journals of William Walker, Jr., from various tribal and family records found in the Connelley Collection at the Kansas City, Kansas Public Library, from William E. Connelley's 1896 survey of the cemetery, and from the Kansas City, Kansas City Clerk's Mortality Records, July 9, 1892 et seq. In many cases, the actual grave locations are not presently known. Those individuals who have marked or identifiable
grave locations are noted with an asterisk (*).

Hester A. (Hetty) Zane Fish; ? - April 17, 1852*
----------

From www.wyandot.org/emigrant.htm (The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shaenee, A Chronology by Larry Hancks):
April 17 [1852]: death of Hester Zane Fish, wife of Shawnee chief Paschal Fish. William and Hanna Walker are deeply upset by the death of "our Hetty."
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Source http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0359 has d. 1867.

Research Notes: The following is relevant if Hetty was Leander Jackson Fish's mother.
From text accompanying a photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives:
"[Leander] Jackson Fish's father [Paschal Fish] was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware; his mother was one fourth Wyandot (Huron). "
___________
Wyandot Metis

Sources:
www.wyandot.org/emigrant.htm
Historic Shawnee Names of the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html
Others.

See http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0233 for Zane brothers and sisters.
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From http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kansas/ :
Wyandot . The Wyandot purchased land in eastern Kansas on Missouri River from the Delaware in 1843 and parted with it again in 1850. A few Wyandot also held title to land along with other tribes on the border of Oklahoma and re-ceded it along with them in 1867. (See Ohio .)

Hester married Chief Paschal Fish ³³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ 14 Oct 1846 or 1847 in <Ohio>, United States. Paschal was born about 1796 in Shawnee Tribe, (Kansas Territory), (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died about 4 Feb 1893 in Baxter Springs, Cherokee, Kansas, United States^¹⁷⁷ about age 97. Other names for Paschal were Andrew Jackson Fish, Pascal Fish, Pas-Cal-We Fish, Paschal Fish Jr, Andrew Jackson, and Paschal Jackson.

Research Notes: http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.martin/2944.1/mb.ashx Mary June Power, McCarty wrote on 26 March 2002 :
I have been searching for my family roots for 21 years. My G-G-Grandfather was RICHARD JOSEPH LARGE, he married MARY JANE DAVIDSON. She was the daughter of MARY ELIZABETH FAEGOR-DAVIDSON and WILLIAM LARGE. Marriage date 11-21-1873, Parksville, Platt County, Missouri.

Mary Jane was born 3-11-1859 in Harrison County, Missouri. She died 5-10-1937, buried Fairview Cemetery, Melrose Kansas. Funeral Services were conducted by Lane Funeral Hme, of Miami, Oklahoma. Jim Thomas Funeral Home, Miami, Oklahoma has the records.

Parents of Richard Joseph Large: William Large and Nancy ____ Large.

Children of Richard Joseph and Mary Jane Large:
Mary Kathern (Large) Fish, Wills b. 5-6-1874, St. Paul, Neosho County, Kansas. Buried GAR Cemetary, Miami, Oklahoma, died 8-14-1939. ( Her last husband was BOB WILLS, of BOB WILLS and the TEXAS PLAYBOYS)

Dora Rena (Large) Thomas b. 2-4-1875, Platt County, Missouri. Married Donald Thomas, they had one son, Nathan Thomas.

Della Therisia (Large) Carnal, Boggs: b. 12-23-1879, in St.Paul, Neosho County, Kansas. Died 8-12-1956, buried GAR Cemetary, Miami, Okahoma, under the name of DELLA CARNAL.

Thomas James Large: b. 8-23-1882, Bourbon County, Kansas. d. 10-5-1932.

John Henry Large: b. 7-8-1885, Bourbon County, Kansas, now Ft. Scott, Kansas. He married Allie F. Brand, 10-3-1914, Miami, Oklahoma. He died 10-16-1935, of T.B., at the time of his death he lived in Douthat, Oklahoma. He is buried in the GAR Cemetery, Miami, Oklahoma. Funeral Records are held by Jim Thomas Funeral Home, Miami, Oklahoma, services were conducted by Lane Funeral Home.

Bertie Samuel Large: b. 3-24-1891, Baxter Springs, Kansas, Cherokee County. died 8-25-1930. Twin of Gertrude Elnora Large.

Gertrude Elnora (Large) Long, b. 3-24-1891, Baxter Springs, Cherokee County, Kansas. Married Kenneth Long, had three children, Pearl Herbert, Glenn Long. Gertrude died 1931 or 1932, in Hollister California.

Herman Leroy Large: b. 5-23-1893, Indian Territory, Quapaw Reservation, Quapaw, Oklahoma.

Nathan Landon Large, b. 5-9-1888, Seneca, Newton County, Missouri. Married Alta Florence Rinehart, 3-12-1911. North Miami, Oklahoma. He died 12-8-1922, Douthat, Oklahoma of pneumonia, buried at Melrose Kansas, Fairview Cemetery.
Green-Stephens Undertaking Co. handled Funeral services.(of Picher, Oklahoma)

I have the next three generations which includes me, they are the daughter of Nathan Landon Large= Charlotte Jane large, b. 12-6-1911, Douthat, Oklahoma. Married Lawrence Leroy Wood, 10-24-1924, Treece, Cherokee County, Kansas.

Lavada Marie Wood, Power , b. 9-10-1925, Douthat, Oklahoma,d. 1-8-1997, Joplin, Missouri, buried Ozark Memorial Cemetery, Joplin, Missouri,

Me,
Mary June Power, McCarty b. 5-21-1947, Miami, Oklahoma,
NOT DEAD YET!

Hope this helps you in some way. I have been searching for my grandmothers Blackfoot blood line, and her Cherkee line. Do you Know anything about these? Mary

• Census: U.S., 21 Apr 1910, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁹⁷

• Census: U.S., 6 Feb 1920, Richland, Labette, Kansas, United States. ¹⁹⁸

Richard married Mary Jane Davidson ³¹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ on 21 Nov 1873 in Parkville, Platte, Missouri, United States. Mary was born on 11 Mar 1859 in Harrison, Missouri, United States, died on 10 May 1937 in Douthat, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States^¹⁰¹ at age 78, and was buried on 12 May 1937 in Fairview Cemetery, Melrose, Cherokee, Kansas.

33 i. Mary Katherine Large (born on 6 May 1874 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States - died on 11 Aug 1939, buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Mary married Leander Jackson Fish,²⁸ son of Chief Paschal Fish ³³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ and Hester Armstrong Zane,⁷² on 20 Jan 1895 in (Muscogee), Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States).⁹³ The marriage ended in divorce. Leander was born on 7 May 1852 in (Wyandotte), Indian Territory (Kansas), United States, died on 20 Nov 1914 in [near Quapaw], Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 62, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^⁷³ Other names for Leander were Leading Turtle, Jack Fish, Jackson Fish, Leander "Leading Turtle" Fish, and Leander Jackson. Mary next married Bob Wills ¹⁰⁴ after 1912. Another name for Bob was Robert Wills.

ii. Dora Lorena Large was born on 4 Feb 1875 in Platte, Missouri, United States, died on 12 Jan 1921 in McCune, Crawford, Kansas, United States at age 45, and was buried in Harley Cemetery, Sherman, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Another name for Dora was Dora Rena Large. Dora married Donathan Baskum Thomas.¹⁹⁹ Donathan was born on 24 Oct 1872 in Sherman, Cherokee, Kansas, United States, died on 9 Feb 1936 in Joplin, Jasper, Missouri, United States at age 63, and was buried in Harley Cemetery, Sherman, Cherokee, Kansas, United States. Other names for Donathan were Don Thomas and Donald Thomas.

iii. Della Theresia Large was born on 23 Dec 1879 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, died on 16 Aug 1956 in Blue Springs, Jackson, Missouri, United States at age 76, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^²⁰⁰ Other names for Della were Della Teresa Large and Della Theresa Large. Della married Spencer Estes Carnal,²⁰¹ ²⁰² son of William Henry Carnal ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ and Carra A. Bottom,¹⁰⁷ on 23 May 1893 in Quapaw Indian Reservation, (Ottawa), Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States. Spencer was born on 1 Sep 1869 in Chalk Level, St. Clair, Missouri, United States, died on 9 Sep 1924 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States^²⁰¹ at age 55, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^²⁰³ Della next married < > Boggs.

iv. Thomas James Large was born on 23 Aug 1882 in Bourbon, Kentucky, United States, died on 26 Mar 1919 in Douthat, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 36, and was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Melrose, Cherokee, Kansas.

v. John Henry Large was born on 8 Jul 1885 in (Ft. Scott), Bourbon, Kentucky, United States, died on 16 Oct 1935 in <Douthat, Oklahoma, United States> at age 50, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. John married Allie Fay Brand ²⁰⁴ ²⁰⁵ on 3 Oct 1914 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Allie was born on 18 Jan 1899, died about 1938 about age 39, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

vi. Nathan Landon Large was born on 9 May 1888 in Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States, died on 8 Dec 1922 in Douthat, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 34, and was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Melrose, Cherokee, Kansas.^¹⁰¹ Nathan married Alta Florence Rinehart ¹⁰⁴ ¹⁹⁸ ²⁰⁶ on 12 Mar 1911 in North Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Alta was born on 23 Dec 1893 in Missouri, United States, died on 5 May 1930 at age 36, and was buried in Pocasset Cemetery, Pocasset, Grady, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Alta was Alta Florence Rhinehart.

vii. Gertrude Eleanor Large was born on 24 Mar 1891 in Baxter Springs, Cherokee, Kansas, United States, died on 27 Jul 1932 in Hollister, San Benito, California, United States at age 41, and was buried in Odd Fellows Cemetery, Hollister, San Benito, California, United States. Other names for Gertrude were Gertie E. Large and Gertrude Elnora Large. Gertrude married Kenneth Francis Long.¹⁰¹ ²⁰⁷ Kenneth was born on 14 Jul 1886 in Iowa, United States, died on 6 Mar 1970 in Morgan Hill, Santa Clara, California, United States at age 83, and was buried in Oak Hill Memorial Park, San Jose, Santa Clara, California, United States. Another name for Kenneth was Kinney Long.

viii. Bert Samuel Large was born on 24 Mar 1891 in Baxter Springs, Cherokee, Kansas, United States, died on 25 Aug 1930 in Douthat, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 39, and was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Melrose, Cherokee, Kansas. Another name for Bert was Bertie Samuel Large. Bert married Minnie < >.

ix. Herman Leroy Large was born on 23 May 1893 in Quapaw, Quapaw Reservation, Indian Territory (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States.

Burial Notes: There are no grave markers at Fairview Cemetery for any Large family members.

Research Notes: Family Records of LeRoy Paschal Fish and Carol Jean Kirk have only name Mary Jane.

FamilySearch.org has b. abt 1854.

Main source is Mary June Power, McCarty in boards.ancestry.com.
"I have been searching for my family roots for 21 years. My G-G-Grandfather was RICHARD JOSEPH LARGE, he married MARY JANE DAVIDSON. She was the daughter of MARY ELIZABETH FAEGOR-DAVIDSON and WILLIAM LARGE. Marriage date 11-21-1873, Parksville, Platt County, Missouri.

"Mary Jane was born 3-11-1859 in Harrison County, Missouri. She died 5-10-1937, buried Fairview Cemetery, Melrose Kansas. Funeral Services were conducted by Lane Funeral Hme, of Miami, Oklahoma. Jim Thomas Funeral Home, Miami, Oklahoma has the records."

----------
FindaGrave has b. 1 Mar 1858, d. 12 May 1937. No photo of the gravestone for confirmation.

From http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=D&GSiman=1&GSsr=41&GScid=92428&GRid=9098113& :

"MY GREAT-GREAT GRANDMOTHER"

Daughter of William and Mary Elizabeth (Faeger) Davidson.

She married Richard Joseph Large Nov. 21, 1873.

Mother of Mary Kathern, Dora Rena, Della Theresa, Thomas James, John Henry, Herman Leroy, Nathan Landon (My Great- Grandfather), and (twins) Bertie Samuel and Gertrude "Gertie" Elnora Large.

• Census: U.S., 21 Apr 1910, Quapaw, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. ¹⁹⁷ (Household Member)

• Census: U.S., 6 Feb 1920, Richland, Labette, Kansas, United States. ¹⁹⁸ (Household Member)

Mary married Richard Joseph Large ³¹ ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ ⁹⁸ ⁹⁹ on 21 Nov 1873 in Parkville, Platte, Missouri, United States. Richard was born on 11 May 1849 in Lawrence, Kentucky, United States^¹⁹⁶ and was buried before 30 May 2005 in Fairview Cemetery, Melrose, Cherokee, Kansas. Another name for Richard was Dick Large.

68. William Henry Carnal ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ was born on 4 Mar 1831 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Feb 1889 in <Missouri>, United States at age 57, and was buried in Seneca Cemetery, Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States.^²¹⁰

Birth Notes: FindaGrave.com has b. 4 March 1831. Another source has 3 March 1831. May have been born in Missouri (1920 US Census - Spencer Carnal).

Research Notes: From FamilySearch.org
U.S. Census 1880 Johnson, Polk, Missouri :
Birth Year <1830>
Birthplace NC
Age 50
Occupation Blacksmith
Marital Status M <Married>
Race W <White>
Head of Household William CARNAL
Relation Self

William married Carra A. Bottom.¹⁰⁷ Carra was born in 1833 in North Carolina, United States, died in Paris, Lamar, Texas, United States, and was buried in Seneca Cemetery, Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States.^²¹¹ Another name for Carra was Clara Jane Bottom.

i. Ellen M. Carnal was born on 4 Feb 1864 in Illinois, United States, died on 30 Mar 1915 at age 51, and was buried in Forest Park Cemetery, Fort Smith, Sebastian, Arkansas, United States. Ellen married Oscar F. Scott.²¹² Oscar was born on 12 Mar 1855 in Ohio, United States, died on 28 Jan 1915 at age 59, and was buried in Forest Park Cemetery, Fort Smith, Sebastian, Arkansas, United States.

ii. Lisa J. Carnal was born about 1866 in Illinois, United States. Another name for Lisa was Liza J. Carnal.

iv. Spencer Estes Carnal was born on 1 Sep 1869 in Chalk Level, St. Clair, Missouri, United States, died on 9 Sep 1924 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States^²⁰¹ at age 55, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^²⁰³ Spencer married Della Theresia Large,¹⁰⁴ ²⁰² ²¹³ daughter of Richard Joseph Large ³¹ ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ ⁹⁸ ⁹⁹ and Mary Jane Davidson,³¹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ on 23 May 1893 in Quapaw Indian Reservation, (Ottawa), Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States. Della was born on 23 Dec 1879 in St. Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, died on 16 Aug 1956 in Blue Springs, Jackson, Missouri, United States at age 76, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.^²⁰⁰ Other names for Della were Della Teresa Large and Della Theresa Large.

34 v. Solomon Madison Carnal (born on 20 Jan 1872 in Bolivar, Polk, Missouri, United States - died on 20 Dec 1956 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Solomon married Hattie Eudora Thomas,⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ daughter of Albert Americus Thomas ¹¹⁸ and Nancy Arminta Dobbs,¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ in McDonald Co., Missouri, United States. Hattie was born on 25 Feb 1884, died on 11 Feb 1927 at age 42, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Solomon next married Daisy Delia Peters.¹¹⁷ Daisy was born in 1883, died in Apr 1959 at age 76, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

69. Carra A. Bottom,¹⁰⁷ daughter of < > Bottom, was born in 1833 in North Carolina, United States, died in Paris, Lamar, Texas, United States, and was buried in Seneca Cemetery, Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States.^²¹¹ Another name for Carra was Clara Jane Bottom.

Birth Notes: May have been born in Tennessee (see 1880 and 1920 census data). FindAGrave.com has Tennessee as her birthplace.

Burial Notes: Note from FindaGrave.com:
Clara / Carra's husband William is buried here. I am hoping that she is also interred beside him.

Note from volunteer:
She is not listed in the book at the gate nor the book that the cemetery superintendent has. However, he did tell me that some records were destroyed by flooding some years back. There is a lot of unmarked space around where her husband William is buried. His stone is one of the white ones that is only a couple of inches thick and there is nothing on the back of it. Sorry to be unable to definitely confirm this burial.

• Census: U.S., 2 Jun 1880, Johnson, Polk, Missouri, United States. ¹⁰⁹ (Household Member)

Carra married William Henry Carnal.¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ William was born on 4 Mar 1831 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Feb 1889 in <Missouri>, United States at age 57, and was buried in Seneca Cemetery, Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States.^²¹⁰

70. Albert Americus Thomas ¹¹⁸ was born about 1865 in [near Little York], Washington, Indiana, United States and died in McDonald, Missouri, United States. Other names for Albert were A. A. Thomas and Albert A. Thomas.

Albert married Nancy Arminta Dobbs ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ on 15 Apr 1883 in McDonald, Missouri, United States.²¹⁵ Nancy was born on 9 Feb 1865 in McDonald, Missouri, United States and died on 16 Apr 1939 in McDonald, Missouri, United States at age 74. Another name for Nancy was Minta Dobbs.

35 i. Hattie Eudora Thomas (born on 25 Feb 1884 - died on 11 Feb 1927, buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Hattie married Solomon Madison Carnal,⁴³ ⁴⁴ son of William Henry Carnal ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ and Carra A. Bottom,¹⁰⁷ in McDonald Co., Missouri, United States. Solomon was born on 20 Jan 1872 in Bolivar, Polk, Missouri, United States, died on 20 Dec 1956 in Picher, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 84, and was buried in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

71. Nancy Arminta Dobbs ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ was born on 9 Feb 1865 in McDonald, Missouri, United States and died on 16 Apr 1939 in McDonald, Missouri, United States at age 74. Another name for Nancy was Minta Dobbs.

Research Notes: This may be the same person - From GenForm (http://genforum.genealogy.com/dobbs/messages/721.html):
14 Sep 1999 - From Fred Warren Davis
Searching for info on Minta Dobbs, b. 7FEB1860, place unk. d. 16Apr1939, Mcdonald
County, Mo. Married to Albert Americus Thomas, b. Little York IN, d. Mcdonald County, MO. Would appreciate any help. Fred.

Followups:
30 Apr 2000 - From Leon Dobbs
I have information on a Nancy Arminta Dobbs born 9 Feb 1865 who married Albert A. Thomas on 15 Apr 1893 in Missouri. I have information about her parents, grandparents etc and their 7 children and spouses. I was not able to reach Fred through his e mail address today.

14 Sep 1999 - From Betty Dobbs Wilson
McDonald County was full of the Dobbs family from Claiborne County Tennessee. Though I am not familiar with the name Minta, many of the siblings of my suspected ancestors are from McDonald County. My known ancestors were in Laclede and Pulaski counties of Missouri. My gggrandfather was Lide W Dobbs, supposed to be the son of John Dobbs who was in McDonald County as well as many of John Dobbs siblings. Good luck in your research-You might definitely try McMinn or Claiborne county-Tennessee. Betty

Nancy married Albert Americus Thomas ¹¹⁸ on 15 Apr 1883 in McDonald, Missouri, United States.²¹⁵ Albert was born about 1865 in [near Little York], Washington, Indiana, United States and died in McDonald, Missouri, United States. Other names for Albert were A. A. Thomas and Albert A. Thomas.

Richard married Martha A. Crook ¹³ ¹²² on 22 Mar 1857 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kentucky, United States. Martha was born about 1841 in Missouri, United States, died in 1883 in Metz, Vernon, Missouri, United States about age 42, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Martha was Martha Jane Crooks.

36 i. George Robert Kirk (born on 19 Aug 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States - died on 30 Jun 1944 in Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States). George married Grace Elizabeth Parsons,¹³ ⁵⁰ daughter of James Densmore Parsons ¹³ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ and Nancy Jane White,¹³ ¹⁴⁹ on 17 Sep 1892 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. Grace was born on 11 Feb 1876 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kansas, United States, died on 26 Nov 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States at age 75, and was buried on 27 Nov 1951 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Grace was Gracie Elizabeth Parsons.

73. Martha A. Crook,¹³ ¹²² daughter of William Crook ¹³ ²¹⁹ and Susan Simmons,¹³ ²²⁰ was born about 1841 in Missouri, United States, died in 1883 in Metz, Vernon, Missouri, United States about age 42, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Martha was Martha Jane Crooks.

Research Notes: From FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File:

This information from archival records in possession of Louis Dean Kirk. George's death certificate lists Martha as being Martha Cook, and birthplace as Tennessee. Informant was Lee Kirk, their son. Her maiden name was actually Martha Crook. She apparently remarried shortly after Richard's death. First to John Weymeyer, who died before 30 aug 1875, based on Vernon Co. court records that show Martha serving as the administrator of his estate and selling property listed in his name. Her third marriage was to Andrew T. STaley who she married in Vernon County around 1879, and who died, based on property sales, before July, 1881. Martha A. died in 1883 in Metz, Vernon County, Missouri. Her burial site is in Martin Cemetery, Nowata County, Oklahoma.

Martha married Richard J. Kirk ¹³ ¹²¹ on 22 Mar 1857 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kentucky, United States. Richard was born on 4 Mar 1838 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States, died on 29 Nov 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States at age 34, and was buried in Lawrence Cemetery, Stokesbury, Vernon, Missouri, United States.

Martha next married Andrew T. Staley ¹³ in 1879 in Missouri, United States. Andrew was born in 1831 in Indiana, United States and died in 1881 in Missouri, United States at age 50.

74. James Densmore Parsons,¹³ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ son of Jesse Parsons ¹³ ²²² and Phebe Jane Andrews,¹³ ²²³ was born on 13 Mar 1849 in <Thornton, Boone, Indiana>, United States, died on 22 Nov 1896 at age 47, and was buried in Walker Cemetery, Welch, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for James was Janus D. Parsons.

James married Nancy Jane White ¹³ ¹⁴⁹ in 1875 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. Nancy was born on 10 Aug 1839 in Thornton, Boone, Indiana, United States, died on 25 Sep 1919 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States at age 80, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States.^²²⁴

37 i. Grace Elizabeth Parsons (born on 11 Feb 1876 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kansas, United States - died on 26 Nov 1951 in Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States). Grace married George Robert Kirk,¹³ ⁴⁹ son of Richard J. Kirk ¹³ ¹²¹ and Martha A. Crook,¹³ ¹²² on 17 Sep 1892 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. George was born on 19 Aug 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States, died on 30 Jun 1944 in Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma, United States at age 71, and was buried on 2 Jul 1944 in G.A.R. Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States.

ii. David Densmore Parsons was born in 1879 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kansas, United States, died in 1962 in Vinita, Craig, Oklahoma, United States at age 83, and was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Vinita, Craig, Oklahoma, United States.^²²⁵

75. Nancy Jane White,¹³ ¹⁴⁹ daughter of Samuel F. White ¹³ ²²⁶ and Rebecca Jane Lipsey,¹³ ²²⁷ was born on 10 Aug 1839 in Thornton, Boone, Indiana, United States, died on 25 Sep 1919 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States at age 80, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States.^²²⁴

Nancy married James Fredrick Hency ¹³ on 18 Mar 1858 in Tippecanoe, Marshall, Indiana, United States.

Nancy next married James Densmore Parsons ¹³ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ in 1875 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. James was born on 13 Mar 1849 in <Thornton, Boone, Indiana>, United States, died on 22 Nov 1896 at age 47, and was buried in Walker Cemetery, Welch, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for James was Janus D. Parsons.

Nancy next married Hiram Stapleton ¹³ in 1910. Hiram was born in <Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma>, United States.

Birth Notes: Source:
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I59 has b. Dec 1844 in Ray Co., Missouri, but also notes discrepancies in age given in census data, making it possible that he was born between 1843 and 1847.

Family records of Carol Jean Kirk & LeRoy Paschal Fish have b. abt 1846, possibly in Arkansas.

Death Notes: From Barbara Holman's Switzer family tree 2006:
"Sarah Choate tells of Henry's death as being in Hector, Arkansas, at the ho;me of Seab Ward..."

Research Notes: From Letter from Barbara L. Holman, September 7, 2006 to Switzer descendents with family tree "The Switzer Family Heritage" :
"Note: Later wives of Henry S. Switzer were Bettie Popejoy, Mary Dickens, Ellen Frasier and Sarah Choate. Sarah Choate tells of Henry's death as being in Hector, Arkansas, at the home of Seab Ward and that Henry was a former soldier."
---------
From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I59

Census data :

1860 Shoul Creek Township, Newton Co. MO 293-291
David SWITZER, age 45, Male, Farmer, 140, Ohio
Hanna D. age 27, female, MO
Henry age 12, Male, MO
Milly, age 5, female, MO
Mary age 3, female, MO
Jane age 1, female, MO

1870 Searcy Co. AR Census-- Richland Townsp 94-95

SWITSER, Henry rw age 23 (1) b. MO (If he is 23 years old, then he must have been born in 1847) (Must have married Nellie J. in MO, since first child is born there too.)
Nelley J. age 22 (12) b. TN
Mary J. age 4 b. MO
Sarah L. age 2 b. AR
John C. age 4/12 b. Feb.AR

1880 Searcy Co. AR. Census 8-8

SWITZER, Henry, male, age 36(b. 1844, I don't think he's sure how old he is, because in the 1870 census he was 23 years old.) married, farmer, born in MO, VA, uk;
Mary, female age 34, wife b. AR;
Sarah L. age 13 female b. AR, MO, TN
John C. male age 10, b. AR, MO, TN;
Daniel W. male age 9 son b. AR, MO, TN
(Note: Wife in 1870 was Nelley J.)
SWITZER, Harriet female age 7 daughter, b. AR, MO, TN.
Samuel male age 1 b. AR, MO;
DICKENS, James age 12 stepson AR, UK, UK;
John M. male age 3 stepson, AR, UK, UK;
Bell female age 7 stepdaughter, AR, UK, UK,
Cora female age 5 stepdaughter, AR, UK, UK
Ida, age 4 stepdaughter, AR, UK, UK

1900 Searcy Co. Census: States Widowed,
and that he was born in AR but that both of his parents were born in MO. He was Living W/son Dan and gave his birthdate as Dec 1843.

William married Ellender Jane Manes ⁹⁸ ¹⁵⁴ ¹⁵⁵ ¹⁵⁷ ²³² about 1864 in <Missouri>, United States. Ellender was born in 1848 in Bradley, Tennessee, United States and died in 1879 at age 31. Other names for Ellender were Jane Manes, Nelley J. Manes, Nellie Manes, Nettie Maness, and Jane Manos.

Marriage Notes: From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I59
(Must have married Nellie J. in
MO, since first child is born there too.)

i. Mary Jane Switzer was born in Aug 1865 in Missouri, United States. Mary married James P. Hensley on 15 Jun 1896 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

ii. Sarah L. Switzer was born about 1868. Sarah married J. A. Sherrill on 3 Mar 1881 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

iii. John Clayborne Switzer was born on 1 Feb 1870 in Blanco, Searcy, Arkansas, United States, died on 17 Jul 1956 in <Searcy, Arkansas>, United States at age 86, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Another name for John was John Clayborn Switzer. John married Nannie Ann French.²³³ ²³⁴ Nannie was born on 28 Jun 1873, died in 1897 at age 24, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. John next married Mary E. < >.²³⁵ Mary was born on 11 Aug 1872, died on 21 Mar 1955 at age 82, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

Birth Notes: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I60 gives b. 1848 in Bradley Co., TN. Another source has b. abt. 1850 possibly in Arkansas. The former source seems more authoritative

Research Notes: Family records of LeRoy Paschal Fish and Carol Jean Kirk have Jane Manos, b. abt 1850, possibly in Arkansas, last name Manos. This is probably inaccurate, a misreading of handwritten name.

This site,
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I60
has other detail plus parents, with last name Manes instead of Manos.
"She was a sister to Dave and Reno Manes. He played a banjo and
played songs."

Ellender married William Henry Switzer ⁹⁸ ¹⁵⁰ ¹⁵¹ ¹⁵² ¹⁵³ about 1864 in <Missouri>, United States. William was born in Dec 1843 in Ray Co., Missouri, United States and died after Jun 1900 in Hector, Pope, Arkansas, United States. Other names for William were Henry Switser and Henry S. Switzer.

78. Henry Thomas Seitz,⁵⁴ ¹⁶⁵ ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ son of Abraham Seitz ¹³ and Martha Conelly,¹³ was born on 5 May 1842 in <Saint Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States>, died on 5 Sep 1904 in <Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas., United States at age 62, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁴³

Burial Notes: From http://www.arfamilies.info/afcemsearcymcmahan.htm - McMahan Cemetery :

Henry Seitz May 5, 1842 September 5, 1904

Husband of Elizabeth Moore

Married May 13, 1883 Book B, page 191 Searcy County, Arkansas

Henry married Martha Ann Plemmons ¹⁶⁸ ¹⁶⁹ <1867> in <Georgia>, United States. Martha was born on 28 Oct 1842 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States, died on 23 Oct 1882 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 39, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for Martha were Martha Ann Plemons and Martha Ann Plimmons.

i. John Thomas Seitz was born on 15 Sep 1868, died on 21 Dec 1948 at age 80, and was buried in Garden of Memories Cemetery, Vian, Sequoyah, Oklahoma, United States. John married Betty < >.

ii. Henry Oscar Seitz was born on 19 Mar 1871 in <Arkansas>, United States, died on 30 Jul 1885 in <Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas., United States at age 14, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

iv. Martha Francis Seitz was born on 22 Nov 1877 in Blanco, Searcy, Arkansas, United States and died on 5 Feb 1963 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 85.

v. Malissa Ann Seitz was born on 15 Nov 1880, died on 15 Jun 1903 at age 22, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

Henry next married Elizabeth Moore,²⁴⁶ daughter of Elijah Moore and Mary Jane Stanley, on 13 May 1883 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States.²⁴⁷ Elizabeth was born on 4 Apr 1844 in Arkansas, United States, died on 1 Nov 1903 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 59, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁴³

Burial Notes: Elizabeth Seitz April 4, 1844 November 1, 1903
Daughter of Elijah Moore and Mary Jane Stanley
Wife of Henry Seitz

79. Martha Ann Plemmons,¹⁶⁸ ¹⁶⁹ daughter of Thomas Plemons ¹³ ²⁴⁸ ²⁴⁹ ²⁵⁰ and Margaret < >,²⁵¹ was born on 28 Oct 1842 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States, died on 23 Oct 1882 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 39, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for Martha were Martha Ann Plemons and Martha Ann Plimmons.

Birth Notes: May have died in 1848.
According to a transcribed 1850 census, she was 8 years old at that time. FindaGrave has b. 28 Oct 1848.

Research Notes: Family records of LeRoy Paschal Fish and Carol Jean Kirk have only Martha (no surname).

FindaGrave.com has Martha Ann Plemmons Seitz.

From http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cenfiles/ga/gilmer/1850/p376b.txt :
Year: 1850
State: Georgia
County: Gilmer Sheet
No: 377A Reel No: M432-70 Division: Subdivision 33 Page No: 754 Enumerated on: Aug - Dec 7th - 19th, 1850 by: C.H.A. Ellington Transcribed by Cassandra R. Newby for USGenWeb, http://www.rootsweb.com/census/. Copyright: 2003
397 Thomas Plemons 51 M Farmer 1000 [acres] [born in] NC
Margaret Plemons 50 F NC
Martha A. Plemons 8 F GA

Martha married Henry Thomas Seitz ⁵⁴ ¹⁶⁵ ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ <1867> in <Georgia>, United States. Henry was born on 5 May 1842 in <Saint Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States>, died on 5 Sep 1904 in <Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas., United States at age 62, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁴³

Eighth Generation

128. William Jackson Fish,¹⁷⁰ ¹⁷¹ ¹⁷² ¹⁷³ son of Chief Black Fish ²⁵² and Watmeme,²⁵³ was born about 1760 in <Chillicothe, Wapello, Iowa Territory>, (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died Late Oct 1833 in <Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, > United States about age 73. Other names for William were Fish, Captain Fish, Paschal Fish <Sr.>, and William Jackson.

Birth Notes: Researcher Don Greene sets his birth year at 1760, listing him as "Fish, Capt."
---
By same researcher: http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html has b. abt 1760
----
He may have been born in Farquier County, Virginia.

Death Notes: www.wyandot.org/emigrant.htm has late October, 1833.
http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html has d. 1833
Another source states that he died at the Shawnee Mission in 1834. Burial?

Research Notes: From Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History by Don Greene, 2014, p. 114:

527. Fish aka William Jackson-Capt. Fish - adopted-white born about 1760 died 1833 - adopted son before 1778 OH of Black Fish/25, raiding Ohio River valley/88, Blue Jacket War/78-94, living in MO before 1828, succeeded adopted brother Lewis Rogers/50 as Chief of Band, husband 1^st about 1780 OH of Elizabeth Bishop/65-adopted-white, 2^nd about 1789 OH of Chalakatha Woman/74, 3^rd 1797 OH of Martha Rogers/82-1/2 Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis (granddaughter of his adopted father Black Fish), father with Bishop of Daughter of Fish/81, Joseph Jackson/83, William Jackson Jr/85-all white-Shawnee, with Chalakatha of Arch Fish/90, Isaac Fish/92, Andrew Fish/94, Jesse Fish/96, Betsy Jane Fish/98-all ½ Chalakatha-Metis, with Rogers of Elizabeth Nakease Fish/98, William Jackson Jr/1800, Miss Fish/1802, Pascal Fish/1804, John Ficklin Fish/1806 & Charles Salahnewe Fish/1808-all ¼ Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pakowi-Metis

---------

From Don Greene's later book Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee, 2014, pp. 329-330:

ADOPTED SON 1770 [of Black Fish]

Jackson, William aka Fish-Capt Fish - adopted-white born about 1760 died 1833 - parents unknown, adopted son about 1770 OH of Black Fish/1725, Blue Jacket War/1777-94, living in MO before 1819, succeeded adopted brother Lewis Rogers/1750 as Chief of Band, husband 1^st about 1780 OH of Elizabeth Bishop/1765-adopted-white, 2^nd about 1789 OH of Daughter of Young Black Fish/1774- (granddaughter of his adopted father Black Fish), 3^rd 1797 OH of Martha Rogers/1782- (granddaughter of his adopted father Black Fish), father with Bishop of Daughter of Fish/1781, Joseph Jackson/1783, William Jackson Jr (1)/1785-all white-Shawnee, with [Daughter of Young] Black Fish of Arch Fish/1790, Isaac Fish/1792, Andrew Fish/1794, Jesse Fish/1796, Betsy Jane Fish/1798-all ½ Chalakatha-Makoche-Pekowi-Metis, with Rogers of Elizabeth Nakease Fish/1798, William Jackson Jr (2)/1800, Miss Fish/1802, Pascal Fish/1804, John Ficklin Fish/1806 & Charles Salahnewe Fish/1808-all 1/4^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis

---------
From Historic Shawnee Names of the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html

"Fish aka William Jackson - Adopted-white born about 1760-died 1833 - adopted son of Black Fish before 1778, raiding Ohio River valley 1788, Little Turtle War, move to MO 1828, husband 1^st about 1780 of Elizabeth Bishop-white, 2^nd about 1789 of Shawnee Woman, 3^rd 1798 of Polly Rogers-1/2 Shawnee Metis (granddaughter of Black Fish), father with Shawnee Woman of Arch/90, Pascal/92, Isaac/94, Andrew/95, Jesse/96-all 1/2 Shawnee Metis, no children of record with Elizabeth, with Polly [of] Elizabeth Nakease/98, John/99, William Jr/1800-all 1/4^th Shawnee Metis"

See notes under Joseph Jackson. It is unlikely that the Joseph Jackson captured by the Blackfish band of Shawnee with Daniel Boone in 1778 was this William Jackson's father since records show this William adopted by the Shawnee before that Joseph was captured.

---------------------
May have been 1/4 Miami and 1/8 Delaware (see below).
--------------
From text accompanying a photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives:

"[Leander] Jackson Fish's father [Paschal Fish] was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware. "
----------
If the math is correct and Paschal Fish's mother was 100% Shawnee, then his father [William Jackson] was probably 1/4 Miami and 1/8 Delaware. On the other hand, if Paschal Fish's mother was Polly Rogers, either Polly was 1/4 Miami and 1/8 Delaware with William Jackson Fish identifying himself as Shawnee, or Polly was 100% Shawnee and William Jackson Fish was 1/4 Miami and 1/8 Delaware.

---------

From website "The History of Eudora, Kansas" at https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee%20.htm

Iroquois drove the Shawnee from southern Ohio, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania during the 1660s. By 1730, most Shawnees returned to their homelands. American settlement pushed them out again, first to Ohio, and then some to Missouri.

Starting in 1830, many came to Kansas because of treaties as did several other emigrant tribes made up of numerous "half breeds," that is, of white and Indian parents. Stated the History of Wyandotte County Kansas and Its People:
"The Shawnee Indian mission was the most ambitious attempt of any Protestant church in the early times to care for the Indians of Kansas. In 1828 what was called the Fish band of Shawnee Indians was moved by the government from Ohio to Wyandotte county, Kansas. They were under the leadership of the Prophet, the brother of the great Tecumseh, who made his home near the spot where the town of Turner now stands. The following year the Reverend Thomas Johnson, a member of the Missouri conference of the Methodist church, followed the Indians to Turner, built a log house on the hill south of the Kansas river and began working among the red men as a missionary. In 1832 the rest of the Shawnee Indians from Ohio rejoined their tribe in Kansas. The government allotted them a large reservation of the best land in eastern Kansas."

Paschal Fish Sr., a white man named William Jackson who took the name "Paschal," the Latin word for "Easter," was educated at a mission school in Ohio. According to http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html Fish, was born about 1760 and taken from his white family in the Ohio River Valley to be the adopted son of Black Fish before 1778. He married Elizabeth Bishop, a white woman, about 1789; took a Shawnee wife in 1789; and then married Polly Rogers, the grand-daughter of Black Fish and half-Shawnee. He had several children, including Paschal Fish, Jr., a child with his Shawnee wife. He brought 30 mostly mixed-blood Shawnee (most with white skin and several with light hair) and five whites around 1831 to the Shawnee Mission in present-day Fairway, Kansas, which was a Methodist-run school for Indian youth. While Baptists and Quakers also ran mission schools, the Methodists had the largest at the Shawnee Mission, which was also a stopping post for travelers. Fish died there in 1834.

A journal entry of Isaac McCoy, an area Baptist missionary, who lobbied for Indian land removal and surveyed treaty lands in Kansas [see "Journal of Isaac McCoy for the Exploring Expedition of 1828," edited by Lela Barnes, November 1936 (Kansas Historical Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, pages 339 to 377) referred to Paschal Fish when it stated: "Today more than twenty Shawanoes assembled in obedience to a call of Major Campbell, to whom I made a pretty lengthy address on the subject of a mission being established among them. . . .After the council was dissolved, I had an interview with Fish, alone, He is the Chief of a band of them, He assured me that he and his party were in favour of having a mission established among them. They had been desiring it for some time. They would not have come to this place had they not hoped that this would be done for them. He said he had often expressed his opinion to Shane, He was of the same opinion still. He thought that if a School, &c. was once begun those who are now indifferent to the subject would be induced to follow the example of others who are now ready to adopt those measures, and when they would see others sending their children to school, &c. they would be induced to do the same, &c. &c. I assured him that at his request a mission should be given them, and that I would enter immediately upon the work of bringing it about. Another man of influence said to me alone that he greatly desired a school that he might send his children, and that his brother might be allowed to send his. Another man, one of Fish's party was pointed out to me, who said that if a school could not be established here he would have to send his daughters into the settlements of the whites, which would occasion an expense which he could not well bear."

Copyright 2015. Cindy Higgins. Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw: A History of Eudora, Kansas. Eudora, KS: Author.

---------------------

See KHC, vol. 9, pp. 166,167. Historian Rodney Staab of Shawnee Mission, Kansas, has furnished me with an excellent account of Chief Fish written by Fern Long. Her information conflicts somewhat with other sources, but it should not be missed by anyone doing research on the Jackson/Fish family. According to her 1978 article on Chief Fish, she agrees that [William Jackson Fish] was captured as a youth and raised by the Shawnees in the band of Lewis Rogers whose daughter he married. Paschal Fish was "a large-framed man" who "also acquired the Indian ways seeming to be totally Indian." but at the same time, she says "these Shawnees had associated with white people for generations and desired a settled life with homes, schools, churches, ___and agriculture."

----------------
From Kansas State Historical Society
Letter 13 Jan 1831 from Richard W. Cummins, U.S. Ind. Agt., Delaware & Shawnee Agency to William Clark, S.I.A., St. Louis:
"Chiefs of Fish's or Jackson's band of Shawnees have agreed to allow a school to be started. Revd. Mr. McAllister & Thomas Johnson hope to have school in operation early in spring."

William next married < > [Shawnee Woman] about 1789. Another name for < was < > [Chalakatha woman].

iii. Isaac Fish was born <1794>, died <26 Aug 1891> in <Oklahoma>, United States at age 97, and was buried in <Secondine or Armstrong Cemetery, Nowata County, Oklahoma>, United States. Other names for Isaac were Isaac Jackson Fish and Isaac Jackson.

v. Jesse Fish was born <1796>. Other names for Jesse were Jesse Jackson Fish and Jesse Jackson.

William next married Martha "Polly" Rogers ¹⁷⁴ ¹⁷⁵ about 1797.²⁵⁵ Martha was born about 1782 in <Missouri>, United States^¹⁷⁶ and died <1847-1849> in <Pottawatomie Mission, (Coffey, Kansas), United States about age 65. Other names for Martha were Mary "Polly" Rogers, Parlie Rogers, and Polly Rogers.

Marriage Notes: One source has m. abt 1800, another has abt 1798. However, her son Paschal Fish was born around 1796.

64 i. Chief Paschal Fish (born about 1796 in Shawnee Tribe, (Kansas Territory), (United States) - died about 4 Feb 1893 in Baxter Springs, Cherokee, Kansas, United States). Paschal married Hester Armstrong Zane,⁷² daughter of General Isaac W. Zane Jr. ¹³ ¹⁸⁶ ¹⁸⁷ ¹⁸⁸ and Hanna Dickison,¹³ ¹⁸⁹ ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ ¹⁹² 14 Oct 1846 or 1847 in <Ohio>, United States. Hester was born in 1816 in Champaign Co., Ohio, United States, died on 17 Apr 1852 in <Wyandotte, Kansas>, United States at age 36, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Another name for Hester was Hetty Zane. Paschal next married Mary Ann McClure ¹⁸⁴ after 1852. Mary was born about 1795. Other names for Mary were Mary Ann Clure, Mary Ann McLane, Mary Ann Steel, and Mary Anne Steele. Paschal next married Martha Captain ³³ in 1840 in Kansas, United States.¹⁸⁵ Martha was born about 1814. Paschal next married Mrs. Barret. Paschal next married Jane Quinney. Jane was born about 1820 in Missouri, United States and died in 1873 about age 53. Other names for Jane were Jane Q. Fish and Hoh-tha-wa-ka-se Quinney.

ii. Elizabeth Nakease Fish was born <1798>. Other names for Elizabeth were Na-Ke-A-Se Fish and Elizabeth Jackson. Elizabeth married Lucas Paschal.

iii. John Jackson Fish was born <1799>. Other names for John were John Fish and John Jackson.

iv. William Fish Jr. was born <1800>. Other names for William were William Jackson Fish Jr and William Jackson Jr.

vi. Charles Fish was born in 1815 in Shawnee Tribe, (Kansas Territory) (Kansas), (United States) and died on 27 Dec 1866 at age 51. Another name for Charles was Sa-La-Ne-Weh Fish.

Research Notes: Martha Rogers (m. abt 1800) and Polly Rogers (m. abt 1798) are most likely the same person. Polly/Martha's father was Henry Rogers, kidnapped and adopted by Blackfish. Her mother was Chelatha Blackfish, daughter of Black Fish.

Apparently, Chief Black Fish stole/adopted two unrelated young white men named Rogers. One - Lewis Chinwa Rogers (1764-1830) was the [adopted?] son of Benjamin Rogers and Jane Moss. Lewis Chinwa Rogers had at least 3 sons and 1 daughter with Blackfish's daughter Parlie Chalakatha. See Findagrave.com memorial ID 19352252. The other was Captain Henry Rogers, about whom less is known. With Blackfish's daughter Chelatha he had at least 4 sons and 4 daughters.

***

[Note: Don Greene has perpetuated the errors mixing up Lewis and Henry Rogers in both versions of his Shawnee Heritage book. Research has shown that Martha/Polly Rogers' parents were actually Henry Rogers and Chelatha Blackfish. Henry was also a white adoptee of Chief Blackfish.]

From Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History by Don Greene, 2014, p. 262:

1378. Rogers, Martha Rogers aka Polly - ½ Chalakatha-Mekoche-PekowiMetis born about 1782 MO-died after 1800 - daughter of Parlie Blackfish/50 & Lewis Rogers (1)/50-adopted white, 3^rd wife about 1797 MO of William Jackson Fish/60-adopted white, mother of Elizabeth Nakease Fish/98, William Jackson Jr/1800, Miss Fish/1802, Pascal Fish/1804, John Ficklin Fish/1806, Charles Salahnewe Fish/1808 - all1/4^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis

***

From Don Greene's later book Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee, 2014, p. 335:

Rogers, Martha Rogers aka Polly Rogers-Parlie Rogers - ½ Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metix born about 1782 MO-died after 1800 - daughter of Parlie Blackfish/1756 & Lewis Rogers/1750 adopted white, 3^rd wife about 1797 MO of (her uncle by adoption) William Jackson Fish/1760-adopted white, mother of Elizabeth Nakease Fish/1798, William Jackson Jr/1800, Miss Fish/1802, Pascal Fish/1804, John Ficklin Fish/1806, Charles Salahnewe Fish/1808 - all 1/4^th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis

***

See also http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html. That site states that Polly Rogers was 1/2 Shawnee Metis and the granddaughter of Black Fish. This would be true of the daughters of both Lewis Rogers and Henry Rogers, who were both adopted by Chief Blackfish into the Shawnee tribe and married daughters of Black Fish.

***

[A couple of other recent sources perpetuate the misinformation:]

A family tree on Rootsweb (http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kearns_family_2&id=I5812) gives Mary "Polly" Rogers as the daughter of Captain Lewis Rogers (b. 1750 in Virginia) and Parlie Blackfish (b. 1756 in Ohio).

www.wyandot.org/emigrant.htm says Polly Rogers was the daughter of Lewis Rogers, but, as stated above, this Polly Rogers was the daughter of Henry Rogers. Fern Long wrote an article on Chief Fish (William Jackson) in 1978 in which she stated that he was raised by the Shawnees in the band of Lewis Rogers whose daughter he married.

Martha married William Jackson Fish ¹⁷⁰ ¹⁷¹ ¹⁷² ¹⁷³ about 1797.²⁵⁵ William was born about 1760 in <Chillicothe, Wapello, Iowa Territory>, (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died Late Oct 1833 in <Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, > United States about age 73. Other names for William were Fish, Captain Fish, Paschal Fish <Sr.>, and William Jackson.

130. General Isaac W. Zane Jr.,¹³ ¹⁸⁶ ¹⁸⁷ ¹⁸⁸ son of Isaac Zane ¹³ ¹⁸⁷ ²⁶² ²⁶³ and Myeerah,¹³ ²⁶⁴ was born in 1777 in <Zanesfield>, Logan, (Ohio), (United States), died on 12 May 1850 in Marseilles, Wyandot Co., Ohio, United States at age 73, and was buried in May 1850 in Marseilles Cemetery, Marseilles, Wyandot Co., Ohio, United States.

Birth Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0233

Per FamilySearch.org, birth may have been
1786 in Zanesfield, Logan Co., [Ohio], [United States]

Another source has:
b. 1777 Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio

Death Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0233

Another source has 12 May 1849 in Marsailles, Wyandot Co., Ohio

Research Notes:
From Shenandoah Valley Pioneers, pp. 436-437 :

It seems appropriate to mention this family, as brief notices are given the families living along Cedar Creek and the North Mountain during the 18th Century. But we cannot claim the family for these sections exclusively; for we find Isaac Zane in Winchester at one time, dispensing lavish hospitality. He owned several desirable properties, and, as shown elsewhere, was a substantial friend of the old Winchester Academy in its early history. At one time he lived in Stephensburg. He had temporary residence at his Marlboro Iron Works, and spent some time with his friend Maj. Mordecai Bean, while engaged in testing the ores of the North Mountain in a smelter which they started on Bean's large tract. There is some confusion about this name. Some writers fix Isaac Zane's first appearance as one of the first pioneers, and also as Genl. Isaac Zane of the Revolutionary War period; and Col. Isaac Zane one of the Burgesses, 1773; and member of the Virginia Convention, 1775; and member of the first House of Delegates, 1784. The father and son were confounded. Isaac Zane Snior came first. It was in 1767 that he purchased 350 acres of land along the North Mountain from Henry Secrist, adjoining Michael White and Jacob Cackley. He was then a resident of Philadelphia; and it is doubtful if he ever lived in Virginia. Isaac Zane, Jr., obtained from Lewis Stephens in 1771, a large tract of land on Cedar Creek. The language of the deed points to two facts worth notice: "To Isaac Zane Junr. Iron Master, for land on Cedar Creek, includes the land where the Dutch Chapel stands and adjoins John Stickley, Craybill and Henry Piper." This was the tract where he conducted his iron works, and other business. In 1776 he acquired more land near Stephensburg, where he had resided. Part of this tract he sold to Joseph Holmes a merchant in the same village. Subsequent to this period, we find him living near his Marlboro Iron Works, and taking an active part in politics, as shown elsewhere. While a member of the house of Burgesses, he was commissioned Colonel in the Virginia Line. In the new organization, after the Revolutionary War, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Militia, and was not a Brigadier during the war. He died in his Frederick home in 1795, possessed of great wealth for that period, owning large landed estate (9,000 acres), some of which consisted of many lots lying on South Washington and Stewart Streets, Winchester. He also owned the land where the old Winchester Academy stood. His will, recorded in the old District Court, mentions two sisters, Hanna Pemberton and Sarah Zane, to whom he left the bulk of his estate in Frederick County, with annuity to Isaac Zane McFarlane. He further provided for the gradual emancipation of his twenty-one slaves. The inventory of his personal estate shows he was a merchant, distiller, miller and founder. He was doubtless an educated man. His library contained many rare volumes. These and his valuable furniture naturally found places in many homes after the sale of his effects, which required several days. We cannot follow his name further. The family were prominent in reclaiming the country from the Indians, as already shown in this volume. He was grated several thousand acres of land along the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers, which was inherited by his family. One branch of this family were pioneers of the South Branch Valley. During the Indian Wars, Wm. Zane and his family were carried away as prisoners by the Indians in 1753. One of his sons has been previously mentioned in connection with Ohio settlements.

Genl. Zane lived in his stone mansion--as he termed it in his letters. This was near his iron works and mill, and a short distance North of the site of the present mill of D. S. Brill. Near by was his large warehouse or store, the walls of which were of heavy stone. The ruins of these buildings were to be seen until about 1890. The ruins of the old iron works can be seen at this writing [1909].

• Military Service: Served in War of 1812 under Capt. Benjamin Scogler, Between 21 Feb and 21 Mar 1813.

Isaac married Hanna Dickison ¹³ ¹⁸⁹ ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ ¹⁹² on 13 Apr 1815 in Urbana, Champaign, Ohio, United States. Hanna was born on 25 Nov 1797 in Berks, Pennsylvania, United States, died on 14 Nov 1886 in Quindarc Twp, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States at age 88, and was buried in Nov 1886 in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Other names for Hanna were Hannah Dickerson, Hannah Dickinson, and Hannah Dickinson Zane.

Marriage Notes: Her name was spelled Hanna Dickison in the marriage register. ²⁶⁵

iii. Noah E. Zane was born on 24 Apr 1818 in Zanesville, Muskingum, (Ohio), (United States), died on 16 Jan 1868 in Wyandotte, Kansas, United States^²⁶⁶ at age 49, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States.

v. Sarah McIntyre Zane was born in 1820 in Ohio, United States, died on 17 Aug 1873^²⁶⁷ at age 53, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States.

vi. Ebenezer O. Zane Sr. was born in 1823 in Ohio, United States, died on 8 May 1902 at age 79, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Ebenezer married someone.

viii. James C. Zane was born in 1832 and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. James married someone.

ix. Eliza Burton Zane was born in 1838, died on 11 Jul 1879 at age 41, and was buried in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States.

131. Hanna Dickison ¹³ ¹⁸⁹ ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ ¹⁹² was born on 25 Nov 1797 in Berks, Pennsylvania, United States, died on 14 Nov 1886 in Quindarc Twp, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States at age 88, and was buried in Nov 1886 in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Other names for Hanna were Hannah Dickerson, Hannah Dickinson, and Hannah Dickinson Zane.

Birth Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0358
Transcription of gravestone at www.wyandot.org/burial.htm has b. 1794

Death Notes: Source: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3194409&id=I0358

Research Notes: From Wyandot Tribal Roll 1867 (http://www.wyandot.org/1867.htm) :

Name/Age in 1855/Male, Female/Circumstances/Residence (comment )

EMONDS, F. Eudora/6/female/Destitute/Kansas
Orphan in 1855, was in the care of her grandmother Hannah Zane, never made choice to become a citizen, wishes her name on tribal list

EMONDS, Theodore P./-/male/destitute/Kansas
Son of Eudora F. Emonds. Eudora F. Emonds maiden name was Eudora Fish, should have been on Orphan list

FISH, Andrew/4/male/destitute/Kansas
Orphan in 1855, but not placed on Orphan list, brother of Eudora Fish in care of his grandmother Hannah Zane

• Census: Kansas State, May 1865, Quindarc Twp, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. ⁷⁴

Hanna married General Isaac W. Zane Jr. ¹³ ¹⁸⁶ ¹⁸⁷ ¹⁸⁸ on 13 Apr 1815 in Urbana, Champaign, Ohio, United States. Isaac was born in 1777 in <Zanesfield>, Logan, (Ohio), (United States), died on 12 May 1850 in Marseilles, Wyandot Co., Ohio, United States at age 73, and was buried in May 1850 in Marseilles Cemetery, Marseilles, Wyandot Co., Ohio, United States.

132. William Large ¹⁹³ ¹⁹⁴ was born in 1815 in Virginia, United States.^²⁶⁸

William married Nancy Young ¹⁰¹ ¹⁹⁵ on 28 Jun 1840 in Carter Co., Kentucky, United States.¹⁹⁶ Nancy was born in 1824 in Kentucky, United States and died in 1900 in Lawrence, Kentucky, United States at age 76. Another name for Nancy was Nancy Thompson.

ii. Angeline Large was born on 21 Apr 1853 in Lawrence, Kentucky, United States.

iii. Martin Vanburen Large was born on 19 Jun 1855 in Lawrence, Kentucky, United States.

133. Nancy Young ¹⁰¹ ¹⁹⁵ was born in 1824 in Kentucky, United States and died in 1900 in Lawrence, Kentucky, United States at age 76. Another name for Nancy was Nancy Thompson.

135. Mary Elizabeth Faeger .⁹⁶ ²⁰⁸ Other names for Mary were Mary Elizabeth Faegor-Davidson and Mary Elizabeth Taylor.

69 i. Carra A. Bottom (born in 1833 in North Carolina, United States - died in Paris, Lamar, Texas, United States). Carra married William Henry Carnal.¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ William was born on 4 Mar 1831 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Feb 1889 in <Missouri>, United States at age 57, and was buried in Seneca Cemetery, Seneca, Newton, Missouri, United States.^²¹⁰

William married Mary Gazaway before 1807. Mary was born in 1789, died in 1835 in <Jefferson, Illinois>, United States at age 46, and was buried in 1835 in Kirk Cemetery, Ina, Jefferson, Illinois, United States.

William next married Elizabeth Harvill ¹³ ²¹⁸ on 18 Sep 1837 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States. Elizabeth was born in 1813 in Hickman, Tennessee, United States, died in 1841 in Spring Garden Twp, Jefferson, Illinois, United States at age 28, and was buried in Kirk Cemetery, Ina, Jefferson, Illinois, United States. Another name for Elizabeth was Elizabeth Harvill Henderson.

72 i. Richard J. Kirk (born on 4 Mar 1838 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States - died on 29 Nov 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States). Richard married Martha A. Crook,¹³ ¹²² daughter of William Crook ¹³ ²¹⁹ and Susan Simmons,¹³ ²²⁰ on 22 Mar 1857 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kentucky, United States. Martha was born about 1841 in Missouri, United States, died in 1883 in Metz, Vernon, Missouri, United States about age 42, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for Martha was Martha Jane Crooks.

William next married Lois Smith on 27 Oct 1844 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States. The marriage ended in divorce in Aug 1847. Lois was born on 29 Jun 1805 in Tennessee, United States.

William next married Winnie < > ²⁷² before 1850. Winnie was born about 1822 in Tennessee, United States, died on 30 Jan 1879 in Barry Co., Missouri, United States about age 57, and was buried in Munsey Cemetery, Barry Co., Missouri, United States.

145. Elizabeth Harvill,¹³ ²¹⁸ daughter of George Harvill ²⁷³ and Mary Ann < >,²⁷⁴ was born in 1813 in Hickman, Tennessee, United States, died in 1841 in Spring Garden Twp, Jefferson, Illinois, United States at age 28, and was buried in Kirk Cemetery, Ina, Jefferson, Illinois, United States. Another name for Elizabeth was Elizabeth Harvill Henderson.

Elizabeth married William Matthew Kirk Sr. ¹³ ²¹⁶ ²¹⁷ on 18 Sep 1837 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States. William was born about 1785 in South Carolina, United States and died between 1860 and 1870. Another name for William was Matthew Kirk.

146. William Crook ¹³ ²¹⁹ was born in 1802 in Tennessee, United States.

73 i. Martha A. Crook (born about 1841 in Missouri, United States - died in 1883 in Metz, Vernon, Missouri, United States). Martha married Richard J. Kirk,¹³ ¹²¹ son of William Matthew Kirk Sr. ¹³ ²¹⁶ ²¹⁷ and Elizabeth Harvill,¹³ ²¹⁸ on 22 Mar 1857 in Fort Scott, Bourbon, Kentucky, United States. Richard was born on 4 Mar 1838 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States, died on 29 Nov 1872 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States at age 34, and was buried in Lawrence Cemetery, Stokesbury, Vernon, Missouri, United States. Martha next married John G. Wehmeyer Sr. ¹³ in 1875. John died in 1879. Martha next married Andrew T. Staley ¹³ in 1879 in Missouri, United States. Andrew was born in 1831 in Indiana, United States and died in 1881 in Missouri, United States at age 50.

147. Susan Simmons ¹³ ²²⁰ was born in 1813 in Tennessee, United States.

148. Jesse Parsons ¹³ ²²² was born in 1807 in Virginia, United States and died after 1870.

Jesse married Phebe Jane Andrews ¹³ ²²³ before 1830 in Ohio, United States. Phebe was born in 1814 in Pennsylvania, United States and died after 1870.

74 i. James Densmore Parsons (born on 13 Mar 1849 in <Thornton, Boone, Indiana>, United States - died on 22 Nov 1896, buried in Walker Cemetery, Welch, Craig, Oklahoma, United States). James married Nancy Jane White,¹³ ¹⁴⁹ daughter of Samuel F. White ¹³ ²²⁶ and Rebecca Jane Lipsey,¹³ ²²⁷ in 1875 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. Nancy was born on 10 Aug 1839 in Thornton, Boone, Indiana, United States, died on 25 Sep 1919 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States at age 80, and was buried in Martin Cemetery, Childers, Nowata, Oklahoma, United States.^²²⁴

149. Phebe Jane Andrews ¹³ ²²³ was born in 1814 in Pennsylvania, United States and died after 1870.

Birth Notes: According to a researcher who contributed to the FamilySearch tree ID 9N36-KPT, Pennsylvania was given as her birth place in the 1850, 1860 and 1870 Census record. Some other source had Kentucky.

Phebe married Jesse Parsons ¹³ ²²² before 1830 in Ohio, United States. Jesse was born in 1807 in Virginia, United States and died after 1870.

Samuel married Rebecca Jane Lipsey ¹³ ²²⁷ on 10 May 1834 in Perquimans Co., North Carolina, United States. Rebecca was born in 1816 in Kentucky, United States.

75 i. Nancy Jane White (born on 10 Aug 1839 in Thornton, Boone, Indiana, United States - died on 25 Sep 1919 in Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma, United States). Nancy married James Fredrick Hency ¹³ on 18 Mar 1858 in Tippecanoe, Marshall, Indiana, United States. Nancy next married James Densmore Parsons,¹³ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ son of Jesse Parsons ¹³ ²²² and Phebe Jane Andrews,¹³ ²²³ in 1875 in Girard, Crawford, Kansas, United States. James was born on 13 Mar 1849 in <Thornton, Boone, Indiana>, United States, died on 22 Nov 1896 at age 47, and was buried in Walker Cemetery, Welch, Craig, Oklahoma, United States. Another name for James was Janus D. Parsons. Nancy next married Hiram Stapleton ¹³ in 1910. Hiram was born in <Centralia, Craig, Oklahoma>, United States.

Rebecca married Samuel F. White ¹³ ²²⁶ on 10 May 1834 in Perquimans Co., North Carolina, United States. Samuel was born in 1809 in Kentucky, United States.

152. David Switzer ²²⁸ ²²⁹ ²³⁰ ²³¹ was born in 1813 in Germany and died after 6 Jul 1860 in Shoul Creek Twp, Newton, Missouri, United States.

Birth Notes: The 1850 census says he was born in Germany. Other sources have Ohio.

Research Notes:
From
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I1264 :

1850 U.S. Census - Ray Co., Missouri
Switzer David 37 M Farmer Germany
Switzer Anna 35 F KY X
Hamilton Amanda J. 14 F MO
Switzer Louisa 6 F MO
Switzer Daniel 12 M MO
Switzer Henry 6 M MO

The John Switzer in the same 1850 census may have been David's brother:
Switzer John 44 M Farmer OH - possessed $2500 of real estate
Switzer Elizabeth 42 F OH
Switzer Samuel C. 20 M Farmer OH
Switzer Matthew 18 M Farmer OH
Switzer Andrew J. 17 M Farmer OH
Switzer 14 M OH
Switzer 12 F OH
Switzer 10 M MO
Switzer John F. 7 M MO
Switzer James R. 5 M MO
Switzer George A. 2 MO
Switzer Marion B. 5 months MO

1860 U.S. Census Newton Co. MO, Shoul Creek Township (close to Ozart, MO):
Switzer, David 45 M Farmer $140 OH
Hannah D 27 F MO
Henry 12 M MO
Milly 5 F MO
Mary 3 F MO
Jane 1 F MO

6 July 1860 - Buffalo Like Township, Chariton County - Robertson Moore, Asst. Marshal:
David Switzer # of slaves: 4 23 F B
4 F M
2 M B
6mths F B

David married Anna Campbell on 18 Jun 1848 in Ray, Missouri, United States. Anna was born in 1815 in Kentucky, United States.

Marriage Notes: From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I1265

Marriage Book 1 Ray Co. MO Note:
SWITZER, David of Caldwell Co. MO married Anna Campbell 18 June
1848 page 41

Research Notes: Source for Anna Campbell b. 1815 in Kentucky:
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I1265
"This info came from Judy Keeler, gr-niece of Georgia Augusta
Seitz wife of Daniel Wesley SWITZER. judyklr77@yahoo.com"

The FamilySearch family tree, record LV3V-RSN has her name as Hannah D. Campbell, born 1828 in Tennessee. Same marriage date and place, but attached to Hannah D. Campbell with no alternate name.

Anna married David Switzer ²²⁸ ²²⁹ ²³⁰ ²³¹ on 18 Jun 1848 in Ray, Missouri, United States. David was born in 1813 in Germany and died after 6 Jul 1860 in Shoul Creek Twp, Newton, Missouri, United States.

154. Rev. Clabourn Lafayette Manes,²³⁸ ²³⁹ ²⁴⁰ son of George R. Manes ²⁸¹ ²⁸² ²⁸³ and Malinda B. Lawson,²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵ was born on 20 Nov 1814 in Rhea, Tennessee, United States, died on 21 Oct 1884 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 69, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for Clabourn were Rev. Claiborn Lafayette Manes, Rev. Claibourn Lafayette Manes, and Claiburn Lafayette Manes.

Birth Notes: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I560 has b. 20 Nov 1814 in Hawkins Co.
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3195770613 has b. same date in Rhea Co.

Death Notes: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I560 has d. 21 Nov. 1884. FindaGrave has 21 Oct 1884.

Burial Notes: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I560

Research Notes: Per Descendants of John Maness, he was a member of "The Peace Society" during the Civil War.

From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I560:
Blue Eyes and Fair Complected
Black Hair

Clabourn enlisted in Bradley Co. TN. He & Sarah and family
lived in 1) Bradley Co. TN, 2) DeKalb Co. AL, 3) back to Bradley
Co. TN, 4) Seary Co. AR, 5) Washington Co., AR, 6) Scott Co. AR,
7)back to Searcy Co, 8)Cedar Co. MO (this is confirmed by
pension records of Frederick Wm Carsten, 2nd husband of daughter
Neoma/Naomi Manes), 9)back to Searcy Co. AR, 10) Tney Co., MO
11) Boone Co. AR, 12)Cook Co., TX, 13) Madison Co., AR, finally
14) returning to Searcy Co. AR( no dates yet but have other
correlating evidence to support a lot of these moves).
Note: Photo of tombstone in my file. Note: Came to this part of the country on the Trail of Tears. Note:
CLAIBOURN LAFAYETTE4 MANES (GEORGE R.3, SETH2, WILLIAM1) was
born November 20, 1814 in Rhea Co., Tennessee, and died August
21, 1884 in Searcy Co., Arkansas. He married SARAH SAMPLE Abt.
1838 in Bradley Co., Tennessee. She was born July 15, 1824, and
died June 11, 1895 in Searcy Co., Arkansas.
Note: More About CLAIBOURN LAFAYETTE MANES: Note: Burial: Buried in Whisenhant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy Co., AR Note: Fact 1: Bet. 1849 - 1852, Came to Arkansas in this period
Note:
Fact 2: Owned 80 Acres in Searcy Co., Sec 32, Twp 16N, Rng 17W,
Mar. 20, 1877.

Note:
Fact 3: Owned 40 Acres in Logan Co., Sec 10, Twp 5N, Rng 27W
Sept. 1, 1860. ² ¹ ³ ⁵

Military: Clabourn served as a Private in Capt. Elliott's Co. Tenn. Vols.,
Chaerokee Dist. from 01 Nov 1837 to May 9, 1838 (Wido3w's
Pension #268 filed Aug 24, 1892) witnessed by E. L. Phelps, J.
W. Rogers of St. Joe, AR.
...an Affidavit of Sarah
Manes dated 17 Aug 1893, she stated "that to the best of her knowledge her husband spelled his first name CLABOURN"

• Enlisted: in Tennessee Volunteers, 1 Nov 1837, Bradley, Tennessee, United States.

• Served: as a Private in Tennessee Volunteers, Cherokee District, 1 Nov 1837-9 May 1838.

• Moved: from Tennessee to Arkansas on the Trail of Tears, Between 1849 and 1852.

• Owned: 40 acres, Sec 10, Twp 5N, Rng 27W, 1 Sep 1860, Logan, Arkansas, United States.

• Owned: 80 acres, Sec 32, Twp 16N, Rng 17W, 20 Mar 1877, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

• Census: Subdivsion 26, Page 237-A, Dwelling 1394, 22 Nov 1850, Bradley, Tennessee, United States.

Clabourn married Sarah Sampley ¹³ ²⁴¹ ²⁴² on 13 Oct 1838 in Chattanooga, Hamilton, Tennessee, United States. Sarah was born on 15 Jul 1824 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Jun 1895 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 70, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁸⁶ Other names for Sarah were Sarah Sample and Sally Sampley.

ii. Neoma Manes was born about 1842. Another name for Neoma was Naomi Manes.

iii. Malinda Manes was born about 1844 in Bradley, Tennessee, United States.

vi. Mary Manes was born in 1850 in Bradley, Tennessee, United States and died <1860> at age 10.

ix. David Howell Caruthers Manes was born on 9 Jan 1856 in Arkansas, United States, died on 13 Jan 1947 in <Arkansas>, United States at age 91, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for David were David C. Manes and David H. Claiborn Manes. David married Delphy A. Scott.²⁸⁷ Delphy was born on 1 Aug 1862 in Arkansas, United States, died on 26 Nov 1902 in <Arkansas>, United States at age 40, and was buried in Slay Cemetery, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Another name for Delphy was Delpha A. Scott. David next married Margaret V. Whisenant,²⁸⁸ daughter of Samuel Poston Whisenant ²⁸⁹ and Mary Irene Gates,²⁹⁰ on 24 Apr 1905. Margaret was born on 26 Jul 1874 in Arkansas, United States, died on 4 Jan 1924 in <Arkansas>, United States at age 49, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. David next married Sarah Elizabeth Goates,²⁹¹ daughter of James Harvey Goates ²⁹² and Martha Elizabeth Rowland,²⁹³ on 4 Nov 1924 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Sarah was born in Jan 1853 in Scottsville, Pope, Arkansas, United States, died in 1928 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 75, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

x. Lewis Hamilton Manes was born on 27 Jan 1858 in St. Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States and died on 5 Dec 1937 in Tahlequah, Cherokee, Oklahoma, United States at age 79.

xi. James Richard Russell Manes was born in Jan 1860 in Arkansas, United States. Another name for James was Reno Manes.

xii. John William Manes was born in Jun 1864, died in 1922 at age 58, and was buried in Park Hill Cemetery, Park Hill, Cherokee, Oklahoma, United States. John married Sarah Elizabeth Whisenant,²⁹⁴ daughter of Samuel Poston Whisenant ²⁸⁹ and Mary Irene Gates,²⁹⁰ on 27 Jun 1883 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Sarah was born on 14 Jun 1867 in Georgia, United States, died in 1931 in Oklahoma, United States at age 64, and was buried in Park Hill Cemetery, Park Hill, Cherokee, Oklahoma, United States.

155. Sarah Sampley ¹³ ²⁴¹ ²⁴² was born on 15 Jul 1824 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Jun 1895 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 70, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁸⁶ Other names for Sarah were Sarah Sample and Sally Sampley.

• Census: Subdivsion 26, Page 237-A, Dwelling 1394, 22 Nov 1850, Bradley, Tennessee, United States.

Sarah married Rev. Clabourn Lafayette Manes ²³⁸ ²³⁹ ²⁴⁰ on 13 Oct 1838 in Chattanooga, Hamilton, Tennessee, United States. Clabourn was born on 20 Nov 1814 in Rhea, Tennessee, United States, died on 21 Oct 1884 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 69, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for Clabourn were Rev. Claiborn Lafayette Manes, Rev. Claibourn Lafayette Manes, and Claiburn Lafayette Manes.

Research Notes: From US GenWeb http://files.usgwarchives.net/ar/state/history/pub/desmond/swamp22b.txt

This may be "our" Abraham Seitz.
Arkansas State Donation and Swamp Land Sales, L-Z

Following are the patentees listed in the book "Arkansas Swamp Land Sales, 1855 - 1868" compiled by Desmond Walls Allen, ISBN 1-56546-209-2, published by Arkansas Research, Inc., PO Box 303, Conway, AR 72033, 501/470-1120 voice and fax. Price: $25.00 plus shipping. In addition to the patentees' names, the book lists the patent date, patent and application number, land description (section, range, and township), number of acres, ledger citation, and miscellaneous notes.

Seitze, Abraham
Seitze, Francis M.

78 i. Henry Thomas Seitz (born on 5 May 1842 in <Saint Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States> - died on 5 Sep 1904 in <Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas., United States). Henry married Martha Ann Plemmons,¹⁶⁸ ¹⁶⁹ daughter of Thomas Plemons ¹³ ²⁴⁸ ²⁴⁹ ²⁵⁰ and Margaret < >,²⁵¹ <1867> in <Georgia>, United States. Martha was born on 28 Oct 1842 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States, died on 23 Oct 1882 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 39, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for Martha were Martha Ann Plemons and Martha Ann Plimmons. Henry next married Elizabeth Moore,²⁴⁶ daughter of Elijah Moore and Mary Jane Stanley, on 13 May 1883 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States.²⁴⁷ Elizabeth was born on 4 Apr 1844 in Arkansas, United States, died on 1 Nov 1903 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 59, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁴³

Research Notes: Note from RootsWeb http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:af4124&id=I121:
Entire family except the oldest child John can be found on the 1850 Gilmer Co.census.
Birthdate was given as 1779, which is impossible. This researcher has therefore changed it to 1799. See below.

From http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cenfiles/ga/gilmer/1850/p376b.txt :
Year: 1850 State: Georgia County: Gilmer Sheet No: 377A Reel No: M432-70 Division: Subdivision 33 Page No: 754 Enumerated on: Aug - Dec 7th - 19th, 1850 by: C.H.A. Ellington Transcribed by Cassandra R. Newby for USGenWeb, http://www.rootsweb.com/census/. Copyright: 2003
397 Thomas Plemons 51 M Farmer 1000 [acres] [born in] NC
Margaret Plemons 50 F NC
Cecelea Plemons 20 F NC
Olivid Plemons 18 F NC
Mary Plemons 16 F NC
Frances Plemons 14 F NC
Thomas Plemons 12 M GA
Margaret Plemons 10 F GA
Martha A. Plemons 8 F GA
Sarah K. Plemons 8 F GA

Thomas married Margaret < > ²⁵¹ in 1820 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States. Margaret was born about 1800 in North Carolina, United States.

iv. Maranda Olived Plemons was born on 13 Feb 1832 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States, died on 28 Aug 1887 in Springtown, Benton, Arkansas, United States at age 55, and was buried in Springtown, Benton, Arkansas, United States.

vii. Thomas Plemons [Jr.] was born in 1838 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States.

viii. Margaret H. Plemons was born in 1840 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States.

79 ix. Martha Ann Plemmons (born on 28 Oct 1842 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States - died on 23 Oct 1882 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States). Martha married Henry Thomas Seitz,⁵⁴ ¹⁶⁵ ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ son of Abraham Seitz ¹³ and Martha Conelly,¹³ <1867> in <Georgia>, United States. Henry was born on 5 May 1842 in <Saint Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States>, died on 5 Sep 1904 in <Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas., United States at age 62, and was buried in McMahan Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁴³

159. Margaret < > ²⁵¹ was born about 1800 in North Carolina, United States.

Margaret married Thomas Plemons ¹³ ²⁴⁸ ²⁴⁹ ²⁵⁰ in 1820 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States. Thomas was born about 1799 in Buncomb, North Carolina, United States and died in 1870 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States about age 71.

Ninth Generation

256. Chief Black Fish ²⁵² was born in 1725 and died on 12 Oct 1779 in Chillicothe, Shawnee Territory (Ohio), (United States) at age 54. Other names for Black were Black Fish, Chief Blackfish, Chiungulla, Chiungulla "Black Fish," Mkah-day-way-may-qua, Chinugalla Blackfish, Cot-ta-wa-ma-go Blackfish, Pah Blackfish, and Pah-e-a-ta-hea-se-ka Chinugalla.

Research Notes: Shawnee, war chief of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe.

***

From Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History by Don Greene, 2014, pp. 28-29:

115. Black Fish aka Chiungulla- Paheataheaseka-Makadaywahmayquah - Chalakatha-Mekoche born about 1725 PA-killed 1779 KY - son of Chalakatha Chief/05 & Mother of Black Fish/10-Mekoche, raised Chalakatha by father's family after father's death 1739, Cornstalk War/55-77, French-Indian War/54-63, Braddock/55, raiding New-Shenandoah River valleys/55, raiding Ohio-New River valleys/58, Pontiac War/62-66, Bushy Run/63, raiding Greenbrier-Jackson River valleys/63, Grand Council 1763, raiding Ohio-Big Sandy-Little Kanawha-New River valleys/72, Point Pleasant/74, succeeded Cornstalk as Head Chief of Chalakatha & All Shawnee in 1777, led 300+ warriors at Point Pleasant/78 with Half King-Wyandot, Boonesboro/78, killed in KY raid/79, step-half-brother (through marriage of his Mother/10 to Pride Opessa/10 who was also married to Rising Sun/15) of Blue Jacket/35, was referred to as the uncle of Tecumseh/68), husband 1745 OH of Watmeme Opessa/30-Pekowi, father with Watmeme of Chinwa/46, Black Fish (2)-Young Black Fish (1)/48, Pimegeezhigoqua/52, Black Fish (3)-Young Black Fish (2)/54, Parlie/56, Lamateshe/58 & Cheletha/60-all Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi, adopted father 1778 & father in law of Capt. Joseph Duquesne/50-adopted-1/2 Pekowi-Wyandot-Metis, Lewis Rogers/50-white & Henry Rogers/55-white, adopted father of William Jackson-Fish/70-white & Stephen Ruddle-Big Fish/68-white

---------

From Don Greene's later book Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee, 2014, pp. 325-326:

Black Fish/1725

Black Fish aka Chiungulla-Cheeoongoola-Paheataheaseka-Makadaywahmayquah - Chalakatha-Mekoche born about 1725 PA killed 1779 KY - son of Fish Clan Chief/1705-Chalakatha & Sister of Muluntha/1710-Mekoche, raised by extended Chalakatha family after father's death 1739, moved to Lower Shawnee Town OH 1744 with Peter Chartier group, may have moved to Winchester KY 1745 with Chartier, returned to OH 1746, Cornstalk War/1755-77, a Chalakatha Chief in OH 1763, Grand Council 1763, succeeded Cornstalk as Head Chief of Chalakatha & All Shawnee in 1777, led 300+ warriors at Point Pleasant/1778 with Dewentatee-Half King/1730-Wyandot killed in KY raid/1779, step-half-brother of Blue Jacket/1735 (through marriage of his Mother/1710 to Pride Opessa/1710 who was also married to Sarah Rising Sun/1715 the mother of Blue Jacket), was referred to as the uncle of Tecumseh/1768), brother in law of Isadore Chesne/1735-(they married sisters), husband 1745 OH (before move to KY) of Watmeme Opessa/1730-Pekowi, father with Watmeme of sons Chinwa/1746, Young Black Fish (1)/1748, daughter Pimegeezhigoqua/1752, son Young Black Fish (2)/1754, daughters Parlie/1756, Lamateshe/1758 & Cheletha/1760-all Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi, adopted father about 1770 of William Jackson-Fish/1768, adopted father & father in law 1778 of Capt. Joseph Duquesne/1756-1/2 Pekowi-Wyandot-Metis

***

From Wikipedia - Chief Blackfish :

Blackfish (c. 1729 -1779 ), known in his native tongue as Cot-ta-wa-ma-go or Mkah-day-way-may-qua, was a Native American leader, war chief of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe. Little is known about him, since he only appears in written historical records during the last three years of his life, primarily because of his interactions with the famous American frontiersmen Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton .

When the Shawnees were defeated by Virginia in Dunmore's War in 1774, the resulting peace treaty made the Ohio River the boundary between western Virginia (what is now Kentucky and West Virginia ) and American Indian lands in the Ohio Country . Although this treaty was agreed to by Shawnee leaders such as Cornstalk , Blackfish and a number of other leaders refused to acknowledge the loss of their traditional hunting grounds in Kentucky.

Violence along the border escalated with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. As a result, the Chillicothe Shawnees moved their town on the Scioto River further west to the Little Miami River , near what is now Xenia, Ohio . Encouraged and supplied by British officials in Detroit , Blackfish and others launched raids against American settlers in Kentucky, hoping to drive them out of the region. In revenge for the murder of Cornstalk by American militiamen in November 1777, Blackfish set out on an unexpected winter raid in Kentucky, capturing American frontiersman Daniel Boone and a number of others on the Licking River on February 7 , 1778 . Boone, respected by the Shawnees for his extraordinary hunting skills, was taken back to Chillicothe and adopted into the tribe. The traditional tale is that Boone was adopted by Blackfish himself, although historian John Sugden suggests that Boone was probably adopted by another family.

Boone escaped in June 1778 when he learned that Blackfish was launching a siege of the Kentucky settlement of Boonesborough , which commenced in September of that year. The siege of Boonesborough was unsuccessful, and the Kentuckians, led by Colonel John Bowman , counterattacked Chillicothe the following spring. This raid was also unsuccessful, but Blackfish was shot in the leg, a wound which became infected and was eventually fatal.

***

From https://www.geni.com/people/Lemateshe-Duquesne/6000000036267174154 :

Source: http://www.geocities.com/sam_cook_53/grpf2433.html?200821 -

Black Fish aka Chiungulla - born about 1725-died 1779 KY - French-Indian War, Braddock, raiding New-Shenandoah River valleys 1755, raiding Ohio-New River valleys 1758, Pontiac War, Bushy Run, raiding Greenbrier-Jackson River valleys 1763, Grand Council 1763, raiding Ohio-Big Sandy-Little Kanawha-New River valleys 1772, Point Pleasant 1774/78, Boonesboro, succeeded Cornstalk as Head Chief, killed in KY raid, half-brother of Red Pole, husband 1745 of Watmeme-Shawnee, father of Chinwa/45, Young Blackfish/50, Parlie/55, Pimegeezhigoqua/59, Black Fish II/60, Chelatha/61, Lamatashe/65, adopted father & father in law of Capt. Joseph Duquesne/50, Lewis Rogers/50 & Henry Rogers/55, adopted father of William Jackson aka Fish/70, Stephen Ruddell aka Big Fish/68, relative of Metheotashe, Blue Jacket Blackfish, Lemateshe aka Lamateshe-Launateshe-Auqualanaux - born about 1765-died after 1800 - daughter of Watmeme & Black Fish-both Shawnee, wife 1st about 1779 of Capt. Joseph Dusquene-adopted Chippewa Metis, 2nd before 1785 of his half-brother Anthony Shane-1/2 Pekowi Shawnee-Wyandot Metis, mother with Dusquene of David Deshane/80-1/2 Shawnee-Chippewa Metis, with Shane of David Dushane/85, John Shane/90 & 2 daughters-all 3/4th Pekowi Shawnee-Wyandot Metis Blackfish, Watmeme- born about 1730-died about 1797 MO - wife by 1745 of Black Fish/25, mother of Chinwa/45, Young Black Fish/50, Parlie/55, Pimegeezhigoqua/59, Black Fish Jr/60, Chelatha/61, Lematashe/65, adopted mother & mother in law of Capt. Joseph Dusquene/50-Chippewa Metis, Henry Rogers/55-white & Lewis Rogers/50-white, adopted mother of William Jackson/60-white & Stephen Ruddell/68-white, moved to MO about 1779 with adopted son Stephen Ruddell aka Big Fish Blackfish, Young - born about 1750-died after 1794 - raiding Ohio-Little Kanawha-New-Big Sandy River valleys 1772, Point Pleasant 1774/75/78, Boonesboro, Blue Licks, raiding KY-OH-VA 1777-81, Crawford, raiding Ohio River valley 1788, Little Turtle War, relative/same clan as Tecumseh, son of Watmeme & Black Fish, adopted father of George Ash-

Black married Watmeme ²⁵³ by 1745. Watmeme was born about 1730 and died about 1797 in Missouri City, (Fort Bend), Texas, (United States)^³⁰³ about age 67. Other names for Watmeme were Pekowi, Tecumplas Watmeme Pekowi Opessa, and³⁰⁴ Watmeme Pekowi Opessa.

i. Chinwa Blackfish was born in 1745 and died by 1760 at age 15. Another name for Chinwa was Chinwa.

ii. Young Blackfish was born in 1750 and died after 1794. Other names for Young were Young Black Fish and Young Black Fish.

iv. Parlie Blackfish was born in 1755 in Ohio, (United States) and died after 1838 in <Missouri>, (United States).^³⁰⁶ Other names for Parlie were Betty Blackfish, Parlie Chalakatha Blackfish, Parlie Chalakatha, and Betty Rogers. Parlie married Lewis Rogers.,³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ son of Benjamin Rogers ³⁰⁹ ³¹⁰ and Jane Moss,.³¹¹ ³¹² Lewis was born about 1764 in Virginia, (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died in 1830 in Fayette, Howard, Missouri, United States^³¹³ about age 66. Other names for Lewis were Lewis "Chinwa" Rogers Blackfish, Lewis Rodgers, Chinwa Rogers, Lewis Chinwa Rogers, and Louis Rogers.

128 v. William Jackson Fish (born about 1760 in <Chillicothe, Wapello, Iowa Territory>, (United States) - died Late Oct 1833 in <Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, > United States). William married Elizabeth Bishop about 1780. William next married < > [Shawnee Woman] about 1789. Another name for < was < > [Chalakatha woman]. William next married Martha "Polly" Rogers,¹⁷⁴ ¹⁷⁵ daughter of Captain Henry Rogers ²⁵⁶ ²⁵⁷ ²⁵⁸ and Chelatha Blackfish,²⁵⁹ about 1797.²⁵⁵ Martha was born about 1782 in <Missouri>, United States^¹⁷⁶ and died <1847-1849> in <Pottawatomie Mission, (Coffey, Kansas), United States about age 65. Other names for Martha were Mary "Polly" Rogers, Parlie Rogers, and Polly Rogers.

vi. Lewis Rogers was born about 1764 in Virginia, (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died in 1830 in Fayette, Howard, Missouri, United States^³¹³ about age 66. Other names for Lewis were Lewis "Chinwa" Rogers Blackfish, Lewis Rodgers, Chinwa Rogers, Lewis Chinwa Rogers, and Louis Rogers. Lewis married Parlie Blackfish.,³¹⁴ ³¹⁵ daughter of Chief Black Fish ²⁵² and Watmeme,.²⁵³ Parlie was born in 1755 in Ohio, (United States) and died after 1838 in <Missouri>, (United States).^³⁰⁶ Other names for Parlie were Betty Blackfish, Parlie Chalakatha Blackfish, Parlie Chalakatha, and Betty Rogers.

vii. Captain Joseph Duquesne was born about 1750 and died after 1835. Other names for Joseph were Mushkedewin, Joseph Chesne, Joseph Duchene, Prairi Man Duquene, Joseph Dushane, Captain Joseph Dusquene, Joseph La Prairie, and Joseph Shane. Joseph married Pimegeezihigoqua Blackfish.,³¹⁶ daughter of Chief Black Fish ²⁵² and Watmeme,.²⁵³ Pimegeezihigoqua was born in 1759.^¹⁷⁶ Another name for Pimegeezihigoqua was Pimegeezhigoqua Blackfish. Joseph next married Lamatashe Blackfish, daughter of Chief Black Fish ²⁵² and Watmeme,²⁵³ about 1779. Lamatashe was born about 1765^¹⁷⁶ and died after 1800. Other names for Lamatashe were Lamateshe Chalakatha Black Fish, Lamateshe-Launateshe-Auqualanaux Blackfish, and Lemateshe Blackfish.

viii. Pimegeezihigoqua Blackfish was born in 1759.^¹⁷⁶ Another name for Pimegeezihigoqua was Pimegeezhigoqua Blackfish. Pimegeezihigoqua married Captain Joseph Duquesne.,³¹⁷ son of Isadore Chene and <Shawnee Woman>. Joseph was born about 1750 and died after 1835. Other names for Joseph were Mushkedewin, Joseph Chesne, Joseph Duchene, Prairi Man Duquene, Joseph Dushane, Captain Joseph Dusquene, Joseph La Prairie, and Joseph Shane.

ix. Black Fish Jr. was born in 1760. Other names for Black were Black Fish II and Black Fish II.

xi. Lamatashe Blackfish was born about 1765^¹⁷⁶ and died after 1800. Other names for Lamatashe were Lamateshe Chalakatha Black Fish, Lamateshe-Launateshe-Auqualanaux Blackfish, and Lemateshe Blackfish. Lamatashe married Captain Joseph Duquesne,³¹⁷ son of Isadore Chene and <Shawnee Woman>, about 1779. Joseph was born about 1750 and died after 1835. Other names for Joseph were Mushkedewin, Joseph Chesne, Joseph Duchene, Prairi Man Duquene, Joseph Dushane, Captain Joseph Dusquene, Joseph La Prairie, and Joseph Shane. Lamatashe next married Anthony Shane, son of Isadore Chene and Pekowi, before 1785. Anthony was born about 1760 and died in 1834 about age 74. Another name for Anthony was Antoine Chesne.

xii. Rev. Stephen Ruddell was born in 1768 and died in 1840 at age 72. Other names for Stephen were Big Fish, Big Fish Ruddell, Sinnanatha Ruddell, Stephen "Big Fish" Ruddell, and Stephen "Sinnanatha" Ruddell.

257. Watmeme,²⁵³ daughter of Lawaquaqua Pride Opessa, was born about 1730 and died about 1797 in Missouri City, (Fort Bend), Texas, (United States)^³⁰³ about age 67. Other names for Watmeme were Pekowi, Tecumplas Watmeme Pekowi Opessa, and³⁰⁴ Watmeme Pekowi Opessa.

Watmeme married Chief Black Fish ²⁵² by 1745. Black was born in 1725 and died on 12 Oct 1779 in Chillicothe, Shawnee Territory (Ohio), (United States) at age 54. Other names for Black were Black Fish, Chief Blackfish, Chiungulla, Chiungulla "Black Fish," Mkah-day-way-may-qua, Chinugalla Blackfish, Cot-ta-wa-ma-go Blackfish, Pah Blackfish, and Pah-e-a-ta-hea-se-ka Chinugalla.

Death Notes: http://familytrees.genopro.com/beltster/Marshall/default.htm?page=BigTurtleClanOfWyandotts-LeanderAkaLeadingTurtle-ind156834.htm

Research Notes: Adopted by Black Fish (Shawnee).

***

Apparently, Chief Black Fish stole/adopted two unrelated young men named Rogers. One - Lewis Chinwa Rogers (1764-1830) was the [adopted?] son of Benjamin Rogers and Jane Moss. Lewis Chinwa Rogers had at least 3 sons and 1 daughter with Blackfish's daughter Parlie Chalakatha. See Findagrave.com memorial ID 19352252. The other was Captain Henry Rogers, about whom less is known. With Blackfish's daughter Chelatha he had at least 4 sons and 4 daughters.

In summary, the children of each man were as follows.

Lewis Chinwa Rogers (+ Parlie Blackfish)
- Lewis Rogers [Jr.]
- William Rogers
- Graham Rogers
- Mary Elizabeth (Polly/Betsy) Rogers

Captain Henry Rogers (+Chelatha Blackfish)
- Nancy Rogers/1772
- Mary Rogers/1774
- Lewis Rogers/1776
- James Rogers/1778
- William Rogers/1780
- Martha (Polly) Rogers/1782
- Elizabeth Rogers/1784
- Parlie Rogers/1786

****

[Note: The following excerpts perpetuate the error mixing up Lewis and Henry Rogers.]

From Don Greene's book Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee, 2014, p. 329:

ADOPTED SON 1760 & SON IN LAW 1775

Rogers, Henry (1) aka Chinwa Rogers - adopted-white born about 1755 VA-died about 1803 MO - parents unknown, brother of Lewis Rogers/1750, adopted son 1760 OH & then son-in-law 1775 OH of Black Fish/1725, namesake of Black Fish's 1^st son that was killed in 1774, Cornstalk War/1772-77, little activity in Blue Jacket War/1777-94, moved to MO about 1795, a village Chief in MO until his death, husband about 1775 OH of Cheletha Blackfish/1760, father of Polly Rogers/1780 & William Rogers/1785-both ½ Chalakatha-MekochePekowi-Metis

***

From Mary Cross (12 Apr 2000) on message board (http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.rogers/1099.1112/mb.ashx) cites Richard Pagburn's Indian Blood: Finding Your Native American Ancestor, Vol 1 (Louisvills:Burler Books, 1993) when she writes:
"When Gen. George Rogers Clark attacked the Shawnee town of Piqua (Pickaway) in Aug of 1870, there were members of his family living among them. A nephew Joseph Rogers ran out of the village,, was shot by mistake. 'Silverheels' was among those Shawnees who fled Piqua. He reported to the British that Rogers was missing. Also Henry Rogers (a Shawnee), who had been adopted by Blackfish, but was living in another village. Henry Rogers' halfbreed children included Lewis Rogers, William Rogers, Polly Rogers, Graham Rogers."

****

iv. James Rogers was born about 1778 in Virginia, United States and died in 1846 in Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States) about age 68. Other names for James were James Onothe Rogers and Onothe Rogers.

v. William Rogers was born about 1780 in <(Powell, Delaware, Ohio)>, (United States) and died about 1829 about age 49.

129 vi. Martha "Polly" Rogers (born about 1782 in <Missouri>, United States - died <1847-1849> in <Pottawatomie Mission, (Coffey, Kansas), United States). Martha married William Jackson Fish,¹⁷⁰ ¹⁷¹ ¹⁷² ¹⁷³ son of Chief Black Fish ²⁵² and Watmeme,²⁵³ about 1797.²⁵⁵ William was born about 1760 in <Chillicothe, Wapello, Iowa Territory>, (United States)^¹⁷⁶ and died Late Oct 1833 in <Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, > United States about age 73. Other names for William were Fish, Captain Fish, Paschal Fish <Sr.>, and William Jackson.

viii. Parlie Rogers was born about 1786. Another name for Parlie was Marta Rogers.

Birth Notes: Researcher Don Greene puts her birth year at 1760, as does Geni. May have been born in 1761.

260. Isaac Zane,¹³ ¹⁸⁷ ²⁶² ²⁶³ son of William Andrew Zane ³²⁰ and Nancy Ann Nolan, was born on 26 Nov 1753 in Moorefield, Hampshire (Hardy), (West) Virginia, (United States) and died on 6 May 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States at age 62. Another name for Isaac was Isaac Zane Sr.

Birth Notes: Per www.wyandot.org/emigrant.htm (Larry Hancks), he was born in Berkley County, Virginia.
According to familysearch.org, Moorefield, Hardy, [West] Virginia.

Research Notes: Second son of William and Nancy Ann Nolan Zane.

From Shenandoah Valley Pioneers, pp. 436-437 :

It seems appropriate to mention this family, as brief notices are given the families living along Cedar Creek and the North Mountain during the 18th Century. But we cannot claim the family for these sections exclusively; for we find Isaac Zane in Winchester at one time, dispensing lavish hospitality. He owned several desirable properties, and, as shown elsewhere, was a substantial friend of the old Winchester Academy in its early history. At one time he lived in Stephensburg. He had temporary residence at his Marlboro Iron Works, and spent some time with his friend Maj. Mordecai Bean, while engaged in testing the ores of the North Mountain in a smelter which they started on Bean's large tract. There is some confusion about this name. Some writers fix Isaac Zane's first appearance as one of the first pioneers, and also as Genl. Isaac Zane of the Revolutionary War period; and Col. Isaac Zane one of the Burgesses, 1773; and member of the Virginia Convention, 1775; and member of the first House of Delegates, 1784. The father and son were confounded. Isaac Zane Snior came first. It was in 1767 that he purchased 350 acres of land along the North Mountain from Henry Secrist, adjoining Michael White and Jacob Cackley. He was then a resident of Philadelphia; and it is doubtful if he ever lived in Virginia.

Isaac married Myeerah ¹³ ²⁶⁴ in 1776 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States). Myeerah was born about 1757 in Solomontown, Northwest Territory, <(Ohio)>, (United States) and died in Feb 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States about age 59.

130 i. General Isaac W. Zane Jr. (born in 1777 in <Zanesfield>, Logan, (Ohio), (United States) - died on 12 May 1850 in Marseilles, Wyandot Co., Ohio, United States). Isaac married Hanna Dickison ¹³ ¹⁸⁹ ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ ¹⁹² on 13 Apr 1815 in Urbana, Champaign, Ohio, United States. Hanna was born on 25 Nov 1797 in Berks, Pennsylvania, United States, died on 14 Nov 1886 in Quindarc Twp, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States at age 88, and was buried in Nov 1886 in Huron Indian Cemetery-Wyandotte National Burial Grounds, Kansas City, Wyandotte, Kansas, United States. Other names for Hanna were Hannah Dickerson, Hannah Dickinson, and Hannah Dickinson Zane.

Myeerah married Isaac Zane ¹³ ¹⁸⁷ ²⁶² ²⁶³ in 1776 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States). Isaac was born on 26 Nov 1753 in Moorefield, Hampshire (Hardy), (West) Virginia, (United States) and died on 6 May 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States at age 62. Another name for Isaac was Isaac Zane Sr.

Research Notes: I have found only marginal evidence for James Kirk as Robert Kirk's father, and even less evidence for Mary Agnes Edmiston as his mother. If Robert's father was James Kirk, the question is which one? There were two men named James Kirk, both from Ireland, who settled in Virginia around the same time. These two men gave one or more of their sons the same names. One James Kirk immigrated to Virginia in 1773. The other may have immigrated as early as 1749 (a land transaction, followed by mention of his name is other legal contexts). Since Robert (and his brothers) was born in Northern Ireland about 1756, it appears most likely that his father (if named James Kirk) was the one who immigrated to Virginia in 1773.

He could have been a different James Kirk altogether.
---------
From Loudene Tollar 4 Sep 2009 - http://genforum.com/kirk/messages/3938.html

The South Carolina Archives have land plat and other records for a Robert Kirk and a Robert James Kirk from the last 1700s to the 1830s in Camden District, Lancaster County. Robert James Kirk record mentioned wife Eleanor in settling his estate.
-----------
From http://wespatterson.com/forum/Black/2004003/Black_2004003.pdf :

Lancaster County, SC Court Records involving BLACKs
Source: Lancaster County, South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1787-1811 by
Brent H. Holcomb, C.A.L.S., 1981

154/F/pp. 221-222: FRANKEY BLACK of Lancaster County for $40 to ALEXANDER BLACK, 30 acres, part of the plantation on which Frankey Black now lives...23 Feb. 1805 FRANKEY BLACK ( ) (Seal), Wit. Robert Kirk, Agnes Kirk.

177/G/pp. 89-90: ALEXANDER BLACK of Lancaster Dist. for $200 to James Purdy of Lancaster Ville, merchant, tract on Hannah's Creek of Gill's Creek, adj. to Adam Carnahan, Richard Cousart, Edmund Hull, ANANIAS BLACK, John Barkley, Robert Kirk, 150 acres granted to ANANIAS BLACK, and conveyed to FRANKEY BLACK, his wife, by will and from her to ALEXANDER BLACK, also a tract adj. to it, 30 acres, 4 Oct. 1807. ALEXANDER BLACK (LS) Wit. William Ross, John Richardson. Proved by William Ross, 11 Feb. 1807 before Jno. Simpson, J.Q. ISABELLA BLACK, wife of ALEXANDER BLACK, relinquished dower, 11 Oct 1807, before W. Ross, Q.U.

177/G/pp. 93-94: FANNY BLACK of Lancaster Dist., for $50 to Annecus [Ananias?] Neely of same, land on the N side Hannahs Creek, whereon I now live, 60 acres, part of 100 acres granted to ANANIAS BLACK 29 Sept 1772 adj. Robert Kirk, Edmund Hull, James Craig, Jas, Purdy...25 Jan. 1808. FANNY BLACK (X) (Seal) Wit. James McAteer, John Neely (4). Proved by John Neely, 25 Feb 1808, before Jno. Simpson, J.Q.

• Immigrated: from (Northern) Ireland, 1772, Charles' Town (Charleston), South Carolina, (United States). ³²³

Robert married <Agnes> <Montgomery> ¹³ ²⁷¹ about 1783 in (Lancaster), South Carolina, United States. <Agnes> was born about 1765 and died before 1840 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States. Another name for <Agnes> was Agness Montgomery.

144 i. William Matthew Kirk Sr. (born about 1785 in South Carolina, United States - died between 1860 and 1870). William married Mary Gazaway before 1807. Mary was born in 1789, died in 1835 in <Jefferson, Illinois>, United States at age 46, and was buried in 1835 in Kirk Cemetery, Ina, Jefferson, Illinois, United States. William next married Elizabeth Harvill,¹³ ²¹⁸ daughter of George Harvill ²⁷³ and Mary Ann < >,²⁷⁴ on 18 Sep 1837 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States. Elizabeth was born in 1813 in Hickman, Tennessee, United States, died in 1841 in Spring Garden Twp, Jefferson, Illinois, United States at age 28, and was buried in Kirk Cemetery, Ina, Jefferson, Illinois, United States. Another name for Elizabeth was Elizabeth Harvill Henderson. William next married Lois Smith on 27 Oct 1844 in Jefferson, Illinois, United States. The marriage ended in divorce in Aug 1847. Lois was born on 29 Jun 1805 in Tennessee, United States. William next married Winnie < > ²⁷² before 1850. Winnie was born about 1822 in Tennessee, United States, died on 30 Jan 1879 in Barry Co., Missouri, United States about age 57, and was buried in Munsey Cemetery, Barry Co., Missouri, United States.

289. <Agnes> <Montgomery> ¹³ ²⁷¹ was born about 1765 and died before 1840 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States. Another name for <Agnes> was Agness Montgomery.

Research Notes: The 1830 U.S. Census lists 9 men named Montgomery in Lancaster County, South Carolina. (Alexander, James, John, Nincon, Robert D., William, Wylie).

<Agnes> married Robert Kirk ¹³ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ about 1783 in (Lancaster), South Carolina, United States. Robert was born about 1756 in <Ballymoney>, County Antrim, North Ireland, died before 22 Mar 1843 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States, and was buried in <Rockbridge, Virginia, United States>.

290. George Harvill ²⁷³ died in 1834 in Hickman, Tennessee, United States and was buried in <Harvill Cemetery, Hickman, Tennessee>, United States.

Mary married George Harvill.²⁷³ George died in 1834 in Hickman, Tennessee, United States and was buried in <Harvill Cemetery, Hickman, Tennessee>, United States.

300. Jochim White ¹³ ²⁷⁶ was born about 1789 in Germany. Another name for Jochim was Jochim Witte.

301. Eva Margarethe Lembke ¹³ ²⁷⁷ was born about 1793 in Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

Eva married Jochim White.¹³ ²⁷⁶ Jochim was born about 1789 in Germany. Another name for Jochim was Jochim Witte.

302. John Lipsey ¹³ ²⁷⁸ was born about 1785 in Virginia, United States and died about 1840 in Wayne Co., Kentucky, United States about age 55.

John married Angelletta Combs ¹³ ²⁷⁹ on 14 Jun 1804 in Lincoln, Kentucky, United States. Angelletta was born about 1785 in Virginia, United States, died in 1850 in Hensley Twp, Johnson, Indiana, United States about age 65, and was buried in Hensley Twp, Johnson, Indiana, United States.

303. Angelletta Combs ¹³ ²⁷⁹ was born about 1785 in Virginia, United States, died in 1850 in Hensley Twp, Johnson, Indiana, United States about age 65, and was buried in Hensley Twp, Johnson, Indiana, United States.

Angelletta married John Lipsey ¹³ ²⁷⁸ on 14 Jun 1804 in Lincoln, Kentucky, United States. John was born about 1785 in Virginia, United States and died about 1840 in Wayne Co., Kentucky, United States about age 55.

Research Notes: Source:
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4177
From that source:
State of Tennessee granted land (40 acres) to George on 15 Oct 1841. Bradley Co. second range west of the basis line first township, 36 section, being the south east corner of the south east quarter of said section.
1850 Census - Bradley Co. Tn
1860 Census - Searcy Co. Ar--Tomahawk Twp (Malinda with son-in-law, J.C. McNair) ²

• Granted: 40 acres by State of Tennessee, 15 Oct 1851, Bradley, Tennessee, United States.

George married Malinda B. Lawson ²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵ in 1808 in Tennessee, United States. Malinda was born about 1787 in Rhea, Tennessee, (United States) and died <May> 1864 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States about age 77. Other names for Malinda were Malinda B. Dawson, Matilda B. Lawson, and Melinda B. Lawson.

i. Jacob Larkin Manes was born in 1798 in (Bradley), Tennessee, United States and died in Mar 1850 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 52.

ii. Pleasant Reynolds Manes was born in 1811 in (Bradley), Tennessee, United States and died in Jun 1869 in Fair Grove, Greene, Missouri, United States at age 58.

iii. Larkin Harry Manes was born about 1812 in <(Bradley)>, Tennessee, United States and died after 1860.

iv. Allison W. Manes was born in 1814 in <(Bradley)>, Tennessee, United States, died <21 Dec 1864> at age 50, and was buried in <Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Davidson, Tennessee>, United States.^³³⁶

154 v. Rev. Clabourn Lafayette Manes (born on 20 Nov 1814 in Rhea, Tennessee, United States - died on 21 Oct 1884 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States). Clabourn married Sarah Sampley ¹³ ²⁴¹ ²⁴² on 13 Oct 1838 in Chattanooga, Hamilton, Tennessee, United States. Sarah was born on 15 Jul 1824 in Tennessee, United States, died on 11 Jun 1895 in Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 70, and was buried in Whisenant Cemetery, Snowball, Searcy, Arkansas, United States.^²⁸⁶ Other names for Sarah were Sarah Sample and Sally Sampley.

vi. William L. Manes was born in 1822 in Rhea, Tennessee, United States and died in 1885 in Fulton, Arkansas, United States at age 63. William married Mary Vine.³³⁷ Mary was born in 1819 in Tennessee, United States.

viii. Harriet Manes was born on 24 Aug 1832 in Rhea, Tennessee, United States and died on 5 Jun 1907 in St. Joe, Searcy, Arkansas, United States at age 74.

ix. John Wesley Manes was born on 15 Oct 1835 in (Bradley), Tennessee, United States and died on 2 Nov 1913 in Nevada, Vernon, Missouri, United States at age 78.

309. Malinda B. Lawson,²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵ daughter of Thomas Lawson, was born about 1787 in Rhea, Tennessee, (United States) and died <May> 1864 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States about age 77. Other names for Malinda were Malinda B. Dawson, Matilda B. Lawson, and Melinda B. Lawson.

Research Notes: Appears to be the same woman who was the 4th wife of Jacob Wilson Manes (ancestry.com).

Source:
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4178
"I've seen her name as DAWSON and LAWSON"

Malinda married George R. Manes ²⁸¹ ²⁸² ²⁸³ in 1808 in Tennessee, United States. George was born about 1785 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died after 1860 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Other names for George were George R. Maness and George R. Manus.

Research Notes: From RootsWeb http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:af4124&id=I133 :
"John and Cecilia moved from N.C. to Gilmer Co. GA about 1837. In April 1795 John Plemons and his wife were made administrators of the estate of William Hailey,"deceased." In Oct. of 1795 Thomas Plemons was appointed guardian of Robert Hailey, minor son of William Hailey.Thomas is probably the brother of John and Robert is probably the brother of Cealy. This was in Burk County, N.C."
-------------
The "5-Branches" newsletter from December 15, 2004, contains an article called "Migration of the Plemons/Plemmons Family" by Janet Webb. The article, though a bit difficult to follow, may indicate that Thomas Plemin, who lived in Rowan Co., North Carolina in the late 1750's, may have been the father of 3 sons named Thomas, Peter and John Plemons. Thomas, Peter and John lived in the Morganton District of Burke County, NC in 1790, at the same time as men named Hailey. Apparently, John was the father of this John Plemons, who married Cecelia Hailey.

Rootsweb http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I104801948 appears to bear this out.

John married Cecelia Hailey ²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ in 1791 in Burke, North Carolina, United States. Cecelia was born about 1772 in Virginia, (United States) and died on 28 Sep 1851 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States about age 79. Another name for Cecelia was Cecilia Hailey.

i. James Plemons was born in 1793 in Burke, North Carolina, United States and died in 1849 in Habersham, Georgia, United States at age 56. James married Rachel ³⁴³ in 1813 in Buncomb, North Carolina, United States. Rachel was born in 1794 in South Carolina, United States and died in 1858 in Gordon, Georgia, United States at age 64.

ii. James Plemons was born about 1796 in Morgan District, Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died in 1849 in Habersham, Georgia, United States about age 53. James married Rachel < > ³⁴⁴ about 1813 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States. Rachel was born about 1794 in South Carolina, United States and died in 1858 in Gordon, Georgia, United States about age 64.

iii. John Plemons Jr. was born in 1806 in Buncomb, North Carolina, United States and died before 1850 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States.

iv. Ann Plemons was born about 1793 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died in 1861 about age 68.

v. Mary Plemons was born about 1795 in Burke, North Carolina, United States and died in 1862 about age 67.

vi. Nancy Plemons was born about 1797 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died in 1860 about age 63.

158 vii. Thomas Plemons (born about 1799 in Buncomb, North Carolina, United States - died in 1870 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States). Thomas married Margaret < > ²⁵¹ in 1820 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States. Margaret was born about 1800 in North Carolina, United States.

viii. Henry C. Plemons was born about 1802 in Burke, North Carolina, United States and died in 1892 in Texas, United States about age 90. Henry married Margaret Ann Carter.³⁴⁵ Margaret was born about 1806 in North Carolina, United States and died in Georgia, United States.

ix. Samuel Jackson Plemons was born in 1810 in <Burke>, North Carolina, United States and died after 1880 in <Gilmer>, Georgia, United States.

x. William H. Plemons was born on 25 Jun 1816 in <Burke, North Carolina>, United States, died on 17 Nov 1874 in Mountaintown, Gilmer, Georgia, United States at age 58, and was buried in Zion Hill Baptist Church Cemetery, Mountaintown, Gilmer, Georgia, United States. William married Mary Ann Carroll ³⁴⁶ on 14 Jul 1838 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States. Mary was born about 1822 in North Carolina, United States.

317. Cecelia Hailey,²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ daughter of William Hailey, was born about 1772 in Virginia, (United States) and died on 28 Sep 1851 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States about age 79. Another name for Cecelia was Cecilia Hailey.

Cecelia married John Plemons ²⁹⁵ ²⁹⁶ ³³⁹ in 1791 in Burke, North Carolina, United States. John was born in 1772 in Morgan, Burke, North Carolina, (United States)^³⁴¹ and died in 1865 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States at age 93.

Tenth Generation

514. Lawaquaqua Pride Opessa ³¹⁸ was born in 1710 in Maryland, (United States).

257 i. Watmeme (born about 1730 - died about 1797 in Missouri City, (Fort Bend), Texas, (United States)). Watmeme married Chief Black Fish ²⁵² by 1745. Black was born in 1725 and died on 12 Oct 1779 in Chillicothe, Shawnee Territory (Ohio), (United States) at age 54. Other names for Black were Black Fish, Chief Blackfish, Chiungulla, Chiungulla "Black Fish," Mkah-day-way-may-qua, Chinugalla Blackfish, Cot-ta-wa-ma-go Blackfish, Pah Blackfish, and Pah-e-a-ta-hea-se-ka Chinugalla.

516. Chief Black Fish ²⁵² was born in 1725 and died on 12 Oct 1779 in Chillicothe, Shawnee Territory (Ohio), (United States) at age 54. Other names for Black were Black Fish, Chief Blackfish, Chiungulla, Chiungulla "Black Fish," Mkah-day-way-may-qua, Chinugalla Blackfish, Cot-ta-wa-ma-go Blackfish, Pah Blackfish, and Pah-e-a-ta-hea-se-ka Chinugalla.
(Duplicate. See Below)

517. Watmeme,²⁵³ daughter of Lawaquaqua Pride Opessa, was born about 1730 and died about 1797 in Missouri City, (Fort Bend), Texas, (United States)^³⁰³ about age 67. Other names for Watmeme were Pekowi, Tecumplas Watmeme Pekowi Opessa, and³⁰⁴ Watmeme Pekowi Opessa.
(Duplicate. See Below)

518. Chief Black Fish ²⁵² was born in 1725 and died on 12 Oct 1779 in Chillicothe, Shawnee Territory (Ohio), (United States) at age 54. Other names for Black were Black Fish, Chief Blackfish, Chiungulla, Chiungulla "Black Fish," Mkah-day-way-may-qua, Chinugalla Blackfish, Cot-ta-wa-ma-go Blackfish, Pah Blackfish, and Pah-e-a-ta-hea-se-ka Chinugalla.
(Duplicate. See Below)

519. Watmeme,²⁵³ daughter of Lawaquaqua Pride Opessa, was born about 1730 and died about 1797 in Missouri City, (Fort Bend), Texas, (United States)^³⁰³ about age 67. Other names for Watmeme were Pekowi, Tecumplas Watmeme Pekowi Opessa, and³⁰⁴ Watmeme Pekowi Opessa.
(Duplicate. See Below)

520. William Andrew Zane,³²⁰ son of Nathaniel Zane ³⁴⁸ and Grace Rakestraw,³⁴⁹ was born on 26 Nov 1712 in Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) and died in 1799 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States) at age 87.

Research Notes: William was a direct ancestor of Zane Grey (1872-1939) through his son Ebenezer Zane.

William married Nancy Ann Nolan in 1744 in <Ohio or Virginia>, (United States). Nancy was born about 1715 in <Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States)>.

i. Ebenezer Zane Col. was born on 7 Oct 1747 in Moorefield, (Hardy), (West) Virginia, (United States), died on 19 Nov 1811 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States) at age 64, and was buried in Walnut Grove Cemetery, Martins Ferry, Belmont, Ohio, United States. Ebenezer married Elizabeth McCulloch,³⁵⁰ ³⁵¹ daughter of John McCulloch ³⁵² and Sarah Inskeep,³⁵³ in 1767 in Wheeling, (Ohio), (West) Virginia, (United States). Elizabeth was born on 30 Oct 1748 in Burlington, Burlington, New Jersey, (United States), died on 17 Jan 1814 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, United States at age 65, and was buried in Walnut Grove Cemetery, Martins Ferry, Belmont, Ohio, United States.

260 ii. Isaac Zane (born on 26 Nov 1753 in Moorefield, Hampshire (Hardy), (West) Virginia, (United States) - died on 6 May 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States). Isaac married Myeerah,¹³ ²⁶⁴ daughter of Chief Tarhe ¹³ ³²¹ ³²² and Ronyouquaines La Durante,¹³ in 1776 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States). Myeerah was born about 1757 in Solomontown, Northwest Territory, <(Ohio)>, (United States) and died in Feb 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States about age 59.

iii. Elizabeth Zane was born on 19 Jul 1759 in Moorefield, Westmoreland, Virginia, (United States), died on 23 Aug 1823 in St. Clairsville, Belmont, Ohio, United States at age 64, and was buried in Walnut Grove Cemetery, Martins Ferry, Belmont, Ohio, United States. Another name for Elizabeth was Betty Zane.

521. Nancy Ann Nolan was born about 1715 in <Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States)>.

Research Notes: Source: http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=13549324&lds=0&frompage=99

Nancy married William Andrew Zane ³²⁰ in 1744 in <Ohio or Virginia>, (United States). William was born on 26 Nov 1712 in Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) and died in 1799 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States) at age 87.

522. Chief Tarhe ¹³ ³²¹ ³²² was born in 1742 in [near Detroit], (Michigan), (United States), died on 28 Aug 1816 in Cranetown near Upper Sandusky, (Wyandot), Ohio, United States at age 74, and was buried in Nov 1816 in (Wyandot), Ohio, United States.

Research Notes: From http://www.wyandot.org/sachem.htm :

TARHE GRAND SACHEM
C.A. Buser

When dealing with a history largely oral there comes the moment when one must choose between fancy and probability. In the case of Tarhe, if one is to accept the eye-witness accounts of his contemporaries as truth, there is little need for fiction.

During the period 1789-1818 many famous Indians lived in the Old Northwest Territory. Such men as Tecumseh, Little Turtle, Captain Pipe, Black Hoof, Buckongehelas, Walk-in-the-Water and Round Head helped to shape the history of the region. But none was more distinguished than Tarhe, Grand Sachem of the Wyandot Nation.

There are literally dozens of names for the tribe known generally as Wyandot (its very tribal identity is debated by student osf Indian history); and the great chief himself is variously referred to as Tarhee, Tarkee, Takee, the Crane or - by the French - as Le Grue, Le Chef Grue, or Monsieur Grue.

Further complicating an already invfolved story, a well known and no doubt well-meaning novelist contributed his own romanticized version of tribal history and his version became widely accepted. Zane Grey, in his book Betty Zane, told of a young boy who was captured and raised by Indians and subsequently married the chief's daughter. Much of the story was true.
The boy Mr. Grey wrote about was Isaac Zane, a member of the famous Zane family of Wheeling that helped lay out the National road and for whom Zanesville, Ohio is named. Since Zane Grey himself was related to that family, it all bore the stamp of truth.

Later generations of Wyandots came to accept the story in its entirety. After all, everyone would love to have an Indian Princess as an ancestor, and who could ask for a better princess than Myeerah, daughter of the famous Tarhe, Grand Sachem of the Wyandots?

Grey wrote that Tarhe was born in the beautiful Muskoka Lake region of Ontario, married a beautiful French captive, fathered a beautiful daughter and named her Myeerah, the name carried by his own mother and grand-mother.

Actually Tarhe was born very near Detroit, the son of a woman of the Porcupine Clan. The name Myeerah, belonged to one of the Turtle clans. His grandmother may have been named Myeerah. It is certain that his mother was not. (It does appear to be true that the young girl, Myeerah, was beautiful)

Tarhe's own name is intriguing. The English meaning is unknown. The name is not believed to be a clan property name and it apparently died with the man. It may have been given to him because of some particular deed or attribute of the man or boy. Old-time Wyandots said the name meant "at him" or "at the tree", or was perhaps the personification of "the tree". Tarhe's great height lends credence tot the latter theory.; He was six feet four inches tall in an era when few men reached six feet.

The name is now pronounce Tar-hee, but the earlier writers indicated that the accent was on the second syllable. (Pronounced more correctly, Tar-Hay)

Little is known of Tarhe's early years. It is thought he served in all of his nation's battles, possibly even the Braddock fight. (He would then have been no more thatn thirteen or fourteen years of age.) Some references are made to his going on war parties against the Cherokees as a young man. The first explicit mention of Tarhe as a warrior is in the account of Dunmore's war. Tarhe was conspicuous at the Battle of Point Pleasant where he served under the Wyandot Chief, Chiyawee, and under the great Shawnee Chief, Cornstalk.

The Shawnee, Puckenskinwa, father of Tecumseh, was killed at this battle on the Kanwha. Forty years later Tarhe was in the immediate vicinity during the Battle of the thames wehre Tecumseh himself was killed. The careers of Tarhe and Tecumseh ran somewhat parallel but there was often serious disagreement between the two men.

The Wyandots were prominent in the defeat of Braddock in 1755. A Huron/Wendat from Lorette, near Quebec, commanded all of the Indians in the battle. Although there was French support, not enough has been made of the fact that it was in truth an Indian victory.

If a youthful Tarhe actually did fight against Braddock it makes for additional conjecture. In that same battle the contingent of Ottawa warriors was led by Chief Pontiac. Since Tarhe supproted Pontiac at Detroit eight years later it would be interesting to know if the older man noticed the young Wyandot at that early date.

Ponticac depended heavily on the Wyandots in 1763. The chieftain whom Parkman refers to as "Takee" was almost certainly Tarhe. Another Wyandots, Teata, went along (with some reluctance), but his group of Wyandots never exhibited the enthusiasm of Tarhe's followers.
The victories at the Battle of Bloody Bridge, at Fort Sandusky, at Presque Isle and elsewhere could hardly have been won without the Wyandots' contribution. Parkman was surely correct when he sttaed that the Wyandots were the premier warriors of the Midwest.

By 1763, when barely twenty years of age, Tarhe was regarded as a leading warrior, but he may not have become even a minor chief at that point.

The war chief carried the title of Ron-Tun-Dee, or Warpole. There is no record of Tarhe's ever having become Ron-Tun-Dee. Although regarded as a very brave man, Tarhe was not considered a truly great warrior by his own tribe. The Wyandots loved and respected him but they believed Round Head, Zhaus-Sho-Toh, Khun, Slitlog and others to be superior warriors. In a nation of warriors excellence was commonplace.

The Sachem was the titular head of the Wyandot nation and held the title of Sastaretsi. There was no royal family as such, among the Wyandots, but since the title of Sastaretsi was in actual practice often inherited, there developed something of a hereditary line of chiefs. If Sastaretsi died without a suitable heir, the tribal council selected a successor.

Such an occasion arose in 1788 when Too-Dah-Reh-Zhooh died. he was better known by his many other names, such as Half-King, Pomoacan, Dunquad, Daunghuat and Petawontakas. (Care should be taken to avoid confusion with the Oneida Half-King and thee Seneca Half-King and with another Wyandot of lesser stature named Dunquad who was chief some years later.)

Tarhe was chosen to be the successor of Too-Doh-Reh-Zhooh. There is no record of any other member of the Porcupine Clan having become Sastaretsi up until that time. Sachems had always come from the Deer, Bear and Turtle clans. But Tarhe, a Porcupine, because of his unique abilities was selected by general concensus to guide the Wyandots in those desperate days. Although he assumed the duties and powers of Sachem it is not believed that Tarhe ever assumed the title Sastaretsi.

He had already gained the respect of the various tribes and of the French, British and Americans long before this time. In 1786 Tarhe and his son-in-law, Isaac Zane, were listed among the witnesses to a United States Treaty signing with the Shawnee. Both before and after this time, Wyandots were often invited to sit in on negotiations between the Government and various tribes.

Isaac Zane had come a long way since his capture at the age of nine. The tribe treated him vdery well and Tarhe took him into his own household to live. When he reached manhood, Isaac married Myeerah, Tarhe's only daughter.

Isaac visited his Zane relatives many times. However he always returned to the Wyandots. Isaac acted as interpreter on many important occasions. He served under Anthony Wayne for a time and, upon his return, was welcomed into the Wyandot lodges where he was respected for having done his duty as he saw it.

A bit of mystery surrounds Tarhe's first wife, the mother of Myeerah. It is generally believed that she was French of the Durante family. Some say she was captured as a child, raised by the Wyandots and subsequently married to Tarhe. One stgory claims that she was recognized by her blood father while at Detroit and that Tahre took her away from the area and never permitted he to bo back, fearing that he would lose her. This would appear to be romantic fiction. She may very well have been French and a Durante, but almost certainly she was not a captive. The Wyandots were on excellent terms with the French during those years and such a seizure would surely have been unthinkable.

Whatever the truth of the matter, Myeerah's mother is rarely, if ever, mentioned again in writing. She may have died at an early age, or Tarhe may have been divorced from her. He married at least once more, and that marriage too d in mystery. He probably married Sally Sharpe. They had one son who was severely disabled and died at the age of twenty-five.
Sally Sharpe subsequently married another Wyandot, Between-the-Logs. She moved west with the tribe in 1843 and at some point married a man named Frost. She is most generally referred to as Sally Frost. She was said to have been captured at Greenbriar, Virginia in 1782, at the age of one or two. Another version says that Sally Frost was actually Caty Sage, who was captured in Elk Creek Valley, Viriginia and died in Kansas at the age of sixty-six after having been married three times, etc. Caty's brother is said to have visited her in Kansas in 1848, but she reportedly refused to return to Virginia with him. She said to him, "Though you may think my lot has been a hard one- and certainly it has- I have no reason to complain. I have always been treated tenderly in the way I have been raised." It was generally considered that the Wyandots treated prisoners more kindly thatn did other tribes.)

Another story of an Indian captive that concerns Tarhe tells something of his personal character.

Peggy Fleming, a white girl, was brought as a captive to Upper Sandusky, a Wyandot town, by a small group of Cherokees in 1789. The party camped about one-quarter mile from Tarhe's village. Word soon spread that there was a white captive nearby.

A white man named Whitaker who had himself been captured and raised by the Wyandots went to visit Peggy. Whitaker had by this time achieved a position of influence in the tribe. He had frequently gone on trading missions to Pittsburgh where he had often stayed at a tavern owned by Peggy's father. Whitaker recognized the girl immediately and she begged him to help her escape.

He returned to Upper Sandusky and told Tarhe the prisoneer was his sister. Tarhe believed Whitaker and went to the Cherokee camp asking for Peggy's release. The Cherokees refused. Tarhe then offered to purchase the girl and again they refused his request. he was determined to secure her release and returned to the Wyandot town, telling Whitaiker to raise a fair sum of money or a quantity of silver brooches. Early the next morning Tarhe and eight or ten other warriors returned to the Cherokee camp and found them asleep. Peggy was naked and painted black, an indication that she was to be killed. Tarhe cut her bonds, secured her clothing and then awakened the Cherokees. He told them Peggy was now his prisoner and tossed the money and brooches at their feet. The Wyandots took Peggy to Upper Sandusky and delivered her to Whitaker. After a few days she was escorted back to Pittsburgh. Wheterh Tarhe ever learned Peggy was not related to Whitaker is not know.

Among the close friends of Tarhe was the greaqt Mingo chief, Logan. They lived near each other for a time and the Mingo felt very close to the Wyandot nation. It is believed the Wyandots buried this famous chief when he died.

Tarhe lived at various locations in Ohio including present day Lancaster, Columbus, Solomonstown, Zanesfield, Upper Sandusky and Cranetown (named for him).

Tarhe helped negotiate many treaties during the time he was Grand Sachem. Throught this time he attempted to hold his tribe together, to serve the other tribes in the area and to relinquish each parcel of land only after the pressures had become unbearable.

He fought against Clark, Boupuet, Marmar, St. Clair and Wayne. Although Tarhe was eventually defeated, both his enemies and his friends knew he was dedicated first and last to the welfare of his people.

It is believed the last battle Tarhe fought in personally was in 1794 at Fallen Timbers. That action was a brief but devastating one for the allied tribes. The only tribe to fight with distinction that day was the Wyandots. They were pinned down near the river and lost heavily. The Wyandot chiefs were decimated. Of the thirteen chiefs who entered the battle, only Tarhe survived and he was severely wounded in the right elbow.

Most Indians realized their cause was lost after Fallen Timbers. The British had failed to supprot tem and the tribes could assemble no force capable of opposing Wyane. When he summoned the tribes to Greenville, almost all of the Indian leaders in the Midwest responded. A notable exception was Tecumseh.

In July 1795, nearly a year after Fallen Timbers, a great assemblage of Indians met with Wayne at Greenville, Ohio. The acknowledged leader of the Indians was Tarhe, and a principal interpreter was Isaac Zane.
During the lengthy negotiations Tarhe made several speeches. The following example of his eloquence gives some measure of his intellect:

"Elder brother! Now listen to us. The great Spirit above has appointed this day for us to meet together. I shall now deliver my sentiments to you, the fifteen fires. I view you, lying in a gore of blood. It is me, an Indian who caused it. Our tomahawk yet remains in your head- the English gave it to me to place there.

"Elder brother! I now take the tomahawk out of your head; but with so much care you shall not feel pain or injury. I will now tear a big tree up by the roots and throw the hatchet into the cavity which they occupy; where the waters will wash it away to where it can never be found. Now, I have buried the hatchet, and I expect that none of my color will ever again find it out. I now tell you that none in particular can justly claim this ground- it belongs in common to all. No earthly being has an exclusive right to it." (Spoken on a blue belt.)

"Brothers, the fifteen fires, listen! You now see that we have buried the hatchet. We still see blood around, and in order to clear away all grief, we now wipe away the blood from around you, which together with the dirt that comes away from it, we bury with the hatchet in the hole we have made for them, and replace the great tree, as it stood before, so that neither our children, nor our children's children can ever again discover it." (Spoken on a blue string attached and both delivered.)

"Brothers, listen! I now wipe your body clean from all blood with this white, soft linen (a white wampum) and I do it with as much tenderness as I am capable of. You have appointed this house for the chiefs of the different tribes to sit in with you, and none but good words ought to be spoken in it. I have swept it clean- nothing impure remains in it.

"Brothers, listen! We are both placed on this ground. I now wipe the tears from your eyes and open your ears. I see your throat is so stopped that you are nearly suffocated- I now open your throat and make it quite clean, that whatever the Great Spirit may think proper for you to swallow may go down without any obstruction. I see also that your heart is not in its true situation- I now place it in its proper position, that anything you may hear from us, your brothers, may descend directly to it, and what you shall say may come with truth and ease from it.

"Brother! I clear away the hovering clouds that we may enjoy a clear, bright day; and easily see the sun which the Great Spirit has bestowed on us, to rise and set continually." (A white string.)

"Brother! Listen to us Indians, who now speak to you. The bones which lie scattered of your ancient warriors who fell in defense of the present cause, we gather all together, and bury them now, and place this white board over the, that they may never again be seen by our posterity." (A white belt and string.)

"Brother warrior! Listen to us. The great chiefs are about to speak to you. Your chiefs and warriors present, listen also.

"Brother! We speak not from our lips, but from our hearts, when we are resolved upon good works. I always told you that I never intended to deceive you, when we entered upon this business. It was never the intention of us Indians to do so. I speak from my heart what I now say to you. The Great Spirit is now viewing us, and did he discover any baseness or treachery, it would excite his just anger against us.

"Brother! Listen to me. We are all of one mind, who are here assembled. This is a business not to be trifled with- it is a matter of the utmost concern to us. We happily so far agree in handling our ancestors' records, who always worked for peace.

"Brother! You have proposed to us to build our good work on the treaty of Muskingum. That treaty I have always considered as formed upon the fairest principles. You took pity on us Indians- you did not do as our fathers, the British, agreed you should. You might by that agreement, have taken all our lands; but you pitied us, and let us hold part. I always looked upon that treaty to be binding upon the United States and us Indians.
"Brother! Listen to us Indians- I told you just now that we were upon business of the greatest moment. I now conclude the great work we have been employed in, and with this, I cover the whole earth, that it may appear white, and shine all over the world. I hope the Great Spirit will have pity on us, and make this work lasting." (Four large mixed belts presented.)

"Brother! I am going to relate to you the treaty made at Muskingum in a few words. I have not forgotten that treaty; neither have you. At that time we settled a peace between the Delawares, Six Nations, Ottawas, Chippeways, Potawattamies, and us Wyandots. It is very true there were not so many different nations then assembled as are now present. We now establish a general, permanent, and lasting peace, forever.

"Brother! We are all sensible that when you struck the boundary, at that time, it ran from Tuscarawas to a little way below Loramie, where the fort stood, which was destroyed in 1752. I understand the line has since been moved a little toward us. Be strong, brothers, and fulfill your engagements.
"Brothers, listen! I have told you that I speak from my heart- you see the speeches I have delivered. Peruse them and see whether or not I have spoken with sincerity. This is all your brothers of the different nations present have this day to say to you."

Chief Tarhe died in November 1816, at Cranetown near Upper Sandusky Ohio. The funeral for this 76 year old man was the largest ever known for an Indian Chief. Among the Indians coming from great distances was Red Jacket, the noted leader and orator from Buffalo New York. The mourners were without paint or decorations of any kind and their countenance showed the deepest sorrow.

261 i. Myeerah (born about 1757 in Solomontown, Northwest Territory, <(Ohio)>, (United States) - died in Feb 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States). Myeerah married Isaac Zane,¹³ ¹⁸⁷ ²⁶² ²⁶³ son of William Andrew Zane ³²⁰ and Nancy Ann Nolan, in 1776 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States). Isaac was born on 26 Nov 1753 in Moorefield, Hampshire (Hardy), (West) Virginia, (United States) and died on 6 May 1816 in Zanesville, Muskingum, Ohio, United States at age 62. Another name for Isaac was Isaac Zane Sr.

523. Ronyouquaines La Durante,¹³ daughter of Chevalier Durante, was born between 1715 and 1738 and died in 1803.

Ronyouquaines married Chief Tarhe.¹³ ³²¹ ³²² Tarhe was born in 1742 in [near Detroit], (Michigan), (United States), died on 28 Aug 1816 in Cranetown near Upper Sandusky, (Wyandot), Ohio, United States at age 74, and was buried in Nov 1816 in (Wyandot), Ohio, United States.

576. Captain James Kirk ³²³ ³²⁴ was born about 1720 in Ballymoney, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland and died on 9 May 1783 in Fairfax, Augusta, Virginia, United States about age 63.

Research Notes: The more reliable of two RootsWeb sources I consulted 6/23/13 lists 5 children: Alexander, John, Robert, James Travis and Matthew. A separate RootsWeb source has only James Travis and Matthew but adds Daniel and Nancy. Actual children need verification.
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Around 2010 I speculated thus, but I no longer agree with myself (kjf 6/23/13):
James Kirk (possibly the father of "our" Robert, and possibly also of John, Alexander and Matthew) may have never come to America, dying in Northern Ireland. His son James, Jr. may have remained in Ireland as well.

***

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From http://www.telegraph-office.com/McEwen_family_history/John_Kirk_1751-1822-mirror_of_history.pdf :

John Kirk was born in County Antrim, Ireland in 1751. He was of Scottish descent.

Kirk is the Scottish word for church.v We inherited the word 'kirkja' from the Vikings, who plundered Scotland for centuries, finally leaving the northern most islands of Scotland in the 15th
century. Generally, anyone named Kirk in Scotland or northern England took the name because they lived by a church.

Antrim is in the present Northern Ireland. In John Kirk's time, Northern Ireland's population was principally Scottish settlers who had left Scotland looking for the freedom to practice their
Presbyterian religion and a better economic climate.

John was the son of James Kirk born about 1730 in Ireland. His mother's name is unknown.

John Kirk came to America in 1772. Younger brothers Matthew and Robert came with him.

Matthew was just 12 at the time. Their father James and a brother, also named James, remained in Ireland.vi The most careful genealogists have not been able to find a record of John's mother.

It seems strange that James Kirk would send or permit his three young boys to journey to America by themselves. Perhaps they knew someone here. Or perhaps conditions were so bad in Northern Ireland that the father wanted his sons to have a better life in spite of the hardships they would encounter.

The same conditions that forced the Scottish settlers to flee Scotland emerged in Northern Ireland, causing mass migrations of the Scots-Irish to colonial America.

John Kirk and his brothers came to Charles' Town (Charleston) South Carolina, probably with Protestant settlers brought by Rev. Wm. Martin on five ships. They settled near the current town
of Lancaster, SC.

It is told that the ship left Larne, Ireland in August, but the passengers on John's ship, possibly the "Lord Dunluce" or the "James and Mary", were not allowed to leave the ship until December because of a smallpox outbreak while in transit.

There is a record of a land grant to John Kirk from the South Carolina Colonial Council in Charles' Town. He was the only one of the brothers old enough to own land.

John married Eleanor Montgomery, daughter of Hugh Montgomery and Jane Cunningham. Their children were born in South Carolina.

John Kirk served in the American Revolution under General Thomas Sumter and was wounded.

James married Mary Agnes Edmiston ³²⁵ in 1750 in Antrim, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland. Mary was born in 1733 in Antrim, (Northern) Ireland and died in 1774 in Fairfax Co., Virginia, (United States) at age 41.

ii. John Kirk was born in 1751 in <Ballymoney>, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland and died on 15 Oct 1822 in Murfreesboro, Rutherford Tennessee, United States at age 71. John married Mary Eleanor Montgomery,³²³ ³⁵⁴ daughter of Hugh Montgomery ³²³ ³⁵⁵ and Agnes Jane Cunningham,³²³ ³⁵⁶ after 1772 in South Carolina, (United States). Mary was born in 1762 in Waxhaw Settlement, Lancaster, South Carolina, (United States) and died in 1827 in Rutherford, Tennessee, United States at age 65. Another name for Mary was Eleanor Montgomery.

288 iii. Robert Kirk (born about 1756 in <Ballymoney>, County Antrim, North Ireland - died before 22 Mar 1843 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States). Robert married <Agnes> <Montgomery> ¹³ ²⁷¹ about 1783 in (Lancaster), South Carolina, United States. <Agnes> was born about 1765 and died before 1840 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States. Another name for <Agnes> was Agness Montgomery.

iv. James Travis Kirk was born on 23 Mar 1759 in Stafford, Virginia, (United States), died on 21 Jan 1857 in Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky, United States at age 97, and was buried in Farmer's field, Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky, United States. Another name for James was James Kirk Jr. James married Annie Horton ³⁵⁷ in 1788 in Stafford, Virginia, United States. Annie was born in 1762 in Stafford, Virginia, (United States), died on 28 Aug 1838 in Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky, United States at age 76, and was buried in Farmer's field, Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky, United States.

v. Matthew Kirk was born about 1760 in <Ballymoney>, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland, died on 2 Jun 1839 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States about age 79, and was buried in Shiloh Cemetery, Lancaster, South Carolina, United States. Other names for Matthew were Mathew Kirk and Mathew Kirk Sr. Matthew married Grace Johnson ³⁵⁸ ³⁵⁹ in 1787 in Lancaster District (Lancaster Co.), South Carolina, United States. Grace was born in 1769 in Lancaster District (Lancaster Co.), South Carolina, (United States), died in 1858 in Lancaster, South Carolina, United States at age 89, and was buried in Shiloh Cemetery, Lancaster, South Carolina, United States. Another name for Grace was Grace Johnston.

vi. James Kirk <Jr.> was born about 1770 in Virginia, (United States) and died about 1827 in Daviess, Kentucky, United States about age 57. James married Jane G. Powell ³⁶⁰ about 1813 in Virginia, United States. Jane was born about 1785 in Virginia, United States and died in Daviess, Kentucky, United States.

vii. Daniel Kirk was born about 1771 in Virginia, (United States), died after 1850, and was buried in Farmer's field, Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky, United States.

577. Mary Agnes Edmiston ³²⁵ was born in 1733 in Antrim, (Northern) Ireland and died in 1774 in Fairfax Co., Virginia, (United States) at age 41.

Mary married Captain James Kirk ³²³ ³²⁴ in 1750 in Antrim, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland. James was born about 1720 in Ballymoney, County Antrim, (Northern) Ireland and died on 9 May 1783 in Fairfax, Augusta, Virginia, United States about age 63.

Research Notes: Said to be a stepchild, probably of the mother, making him the son of a first of two wives (or common-law wives). Have not yet found solid information on Billy Manes' wife or wives.
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There is a town called Manes in Wright County, Missouri, named after Seth.
From Wikipedia - Manes, Missouri :

Manes (pronounced M is an unincorporated community in Wright County , Missouri , United States , about 12 miles northeast of Hartville . Located on Route 95 , several houses are located here, and at one time the town had a post office (ZIP code 65703), though mail is now served by Mountain Grove .

Manes takes its name from a Baptist minister of Richland, Missouri by the name of Seth Manes. A missionary church was established in Manes in 1893 and in 1894 the first church was built in Manes. This building was used until 1925 when the current Baptist church building was erected.

Manes was a considerable trade center in the early part of the 20th century, boasting at least 3 stores, a bank, a post office, hotel, and eating establishments until automobiles and better highways made travel to larger towns more accessible.

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From
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4179 :

Was in Revolutionary War--1 Sep 1780-in Cp. Williams Co.,
Colonel Caswell's NC Regt. Was in skirmish at Baties Bridge and
Battle of Lindley's Hill. Married Patsy Fields--probably in NC.
Seth, Patsy, & family moved to Moore Co, NC 1762-1780. Moved to
Hawkins Co. TN & settled in mountains there around 1782-83.
"History of Laclede,Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas,
Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties, MO" says he was Welch; Rev.
War; d Hawkins Co. TN.

Note: Census Hawkins Co.TN.

Seth married Susan Patsy Fields ³³³ ³³⁴ ³³⁵ about 1780 in Knoxville, Hawkins (Knox), Tennessee, United States. Susan was born about 1763 in North Carolina, (United States), died about 1853 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States about age 90, and was buried in Rogersville, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States. Another name for Susan was Patsy Fields.

i. Jacob Wilson Manes was born in 1780 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died on 5 Jan 1853 in Mountain Grove, Texas, Missouri, United States at age 73. Another name for Jacob was Jacob Wilson Maness. Jacob married Emaline Hice.³⁶⁷ Emaline was born in 1805 and died in 1892 at age 87.

ii. Joseph Jacob Manes was born in 1781 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died about 1840 about age 59.

iii. William Manes was born in Feb 1782 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died on 12 Jun 1842 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States at age 60. Another name for William was William Maness. William married Lydia Lawson ³⁶⁸ in 1806.

308 iv. George R. Manes (born about 1785 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) - died after 1860 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States). George married Malinda B. Lawson,²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵ daughter of Thomas Lawson, in 1808 in Tennessee, United States. Malinda was born about 1787 in Rhea, Tennessee, (United States) and died <May> 1864 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States about age 77. Other names for Malinda were Malinda B. Dawson, Matilda B. Lawson, and Melinda B. Lawson.

v. Jesse Manes was born in 1790 in Hawkins, Tennessee, (United States) and died on 25 May 1846 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States at age 56. Another name for Jesse was Jessie Manus. Jesse married Alice Lawson ³⁶⁹ about 1810. Alice was born about 1797 in Tennessee, United States.

vi. Elizabeth Manes was born in 1794 in Hawkins, Tennessee, (United States) and died on 13 Nov 1859 in Carter, Kentucky, United States at age 65.

vii. John B. Manes was born in 1795 in Hawkins, Tennessee, (United States) and died in Jun 1856 in Chestnut Ridge, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States at age 61.

viii. James Manes was born about 1796 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States and died about 1809 in Tennessee, United States about age 13. Another name for James was James Maness.

ix. Tempe Manes was born in 1800 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States and died in Searcy, Arkansas, United States. Another name for Tempe was Tempa Maness. Tempe married John Gunther ³⁷⁰ about 1835 in Searcy, Arkansas, United States. John was born about 1818 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States and died in Searcy, Arkansas, United States.

617. Susan Patsy Fields ³³³ ³³⁴ ³³⁵ was born about 1763 in North Carolina, (United States), died about 1853 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States about age 90, and was buried in Rogersville, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States. Another name for Susan was Patsy Fields.

Research Notes: From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4180 :
Info from Barbara Couser, Buried on old home place, north of
Rogersville, Hawkins Co. Tn.--near Cinch Mountain. ¹

Susan married Rev. Seth I. Manes ³²⁸ ³²⁹ ³³⁰ ³³¹ ³³² about 1780 in Knoxville, Hawkins (Knox), Tennessee, United States. Seth was born on 6 Feb 1762 in Bedford, Virginia, (United States) and died in 1852 in <Rogersville>, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States at age 90. Another name for Seth was Rev. Seth I. Manus.

John married Elizabeth Jane Prichard ³⁴⁰ about 1771 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States. Elizabeth was born in 1759 in Virginia, (United States) and died in 1862 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States at age 103.

316 i. John Plemons (born in 1772 in Morgan, Burke, North Carolina, (United States) - died in 1865 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States). John married Cecelia Hailey,²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ daughter of William Hailey, in 1791 in Burke, North Carolina, United States. Cecelia was born about 1772 in Virginia, (United States) and died on 28 Sep 1851 in Gilmer, Georgia, United States about age 79. Another name for Cecelia was Cecilia Hailey.

ii. Lara Elizabeth Plemons was born on 5 Sep 1778 in Lincoln, North Carolina, United States and died on 5 Jan 1829 in Columbus, (Colorado), Texas, United States at age 50. Another name for Lara was Laura Elizabeth Plemons. Lara married John Jackson Tumlinson ³⁷³ in 1796 in Lincoln, North Carolina, United States. John was born in 1776 in (Lincoln), North Carolina, United States and died on 7 Jul 1823 in Seguin, (Guadalupe), Texas, United States at age 47. Another name for John was John Jackson Tumblinson.

iii. Rachel Plemons was born about 1783 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died about 1860 about age 77.

iv. Peter Plemons was born in 1788 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died in Sep 1877 in Madison, North Carolina, United States at age 89. Peter married Susan Jane Ingle ³⁷⁴ in 1811 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States. Susan was born on 1 Nov 1798 in Virginia, United States, died on 2 Jan 1897 in Madison, North Carolina, United States at age 98, and was buried on 3 Jan 1897 in Old Flats Cemetery, Madison, North Carolina, United States.

v. Thomas Plemons was born in 1789 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States and died in 1848 in <Monroe, Tennessee>, United States at age 59. Thomas married someone in 1777 in Virginia, United States.

vi. Jeremiah M. Plemons was born about 1790 in Morganton, Burke, North Carolina, United States and died in 1849 in Morgan Co., Alabama, United States about age 59.

vii. Susan P. Plemons was born about 1804 in Leicester, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States and died in 1865 about age 61. Susan married William Carroll ³³⁹ ³⁷⁵ about 1821. William was born about 1797 in South Carolina, United States and died in 1858 about age 61.

633. Elizabeth Jane Prichard ³⁴⁰ was born in 1759 in Virginia, (United States) and died in 1862 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States at age 103.

Elizabeth married John Plemons ²⁹⁵ ³³⁹ about 1771 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States. John was born in 1750 and died in 1815 in <Virginia>, United States at age 65.

634. William Hailey ³⁴⁷ was born about 1733 in Virginia, (United States) and died in 1795 in Burke, North Carolina, United States about age 62.

Research Notes: According to http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:af4124&id=I133, "In April 1795 John Plemons and his wife were made administrators of the estate of William Hailey,'deceased.' In Oct. of 1795 Thomas Plemons was appointed gaurdian of Robert Hailey, minor son of William Hailey.Thomas is probably the brother of John and Robert is probably the brother of Cealy. This was in Burk County, N.C."

William was probably Cecilia's father.

11th Generation

1040. Nathaniel Zane,³⁴⁸ son of Robert Zane ³⁷⁶ and Margaret Hammond,³⁷⁷ was born on 24 Oct 1670 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland and died on 20 Feb 1727 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) at age 56.

Nathaniel married Grace Rakestraw ³⁴⁹ on 27 Aug 1697 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States). Grace was born in 1670 in <Dublin, Dublin, Ireland> and died on 6 Oct 1741 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States) at age 71.

520 i. William Andrew Zane (born on 26 Nov 1712 in Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) - died in 1799 in Wheeling, Ohio, (West) Virginia, (United States)). William married Nancy Ann Nolan in 1744 in <Ohio or Virginia>, (United States). Nancy was born about 1715 in <Newton, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States)>.

1041. Grace Rakestraw,³⁴⁹ daughter of William Rakestraw ³⁷⁸ and Grace Wyron,¹³ was born in 1670 in <Dublin, Dublin, Ireland> and died on 6 Oct 1741 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States) at age 71.

Birth Notes: Other sources (found in FamilySearch.org) have birthplace as possibly Philadelpha, PA or Cornwall, England.

Grace married Nathaniel Zane ³⁴⁸ on 27 Aug 1697 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States). Nathaniel was born on 24 Oct 1670 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland and died on 20 Feb 1727 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) at age 56.

1046. Chevalier Durante ¹³ was born between 1673 and 1712 and died between 1715 and 1793.

523 i. Ronyouquaines La Durante (born between 1715 and 1738 - died in 1803). Ronyouquaines married Chief Tarhe.¹³ ³²¹ ³²² Tarhe was born in 1742 in [near Detroit], (Michigan), (United States), died on 28 Aug 1816 in Cranetown near Upper Sandusky, (Wyandot), Ohio, United States at age 74, and was buried in Nov 1816 in (Wyandot), Ohio, United States.

1232. William Jacob Maness II,³⁶¹ ³⁶² ³⁶³ ³⁶⁴ son of William Jacob Maness ³⁷⁹ ³⁸⁰ ³⁸¹ ³⁸² ³⁸³ and < >,³⁸⁴ was born in 1738 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, died in 1832 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 94, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.^³⁸⁵ Other names for William were Billy Manes, William Jacob Manes II, William Manis, and William Manus Jr.

Birth Notes: May have been born in Kildonan, Isle of Arran, Scotland or in Kildonan, Highland, Scotland.
Other sources have Pennsylvania or Bedfored County, Virginia. Hwever, either of these is unlinkely since he is recorded as emigrating on the shop "Hope's End" between 1747 and 1749.

A William Nathan Maness was born in Pennsylvania about 1738 (info from Sons of the American Revolution application).

Burial Notes: The Maness Family Cemetery is near Pleasant Hill Church, Moore County, North Carolina, north of Robbins off the Robbins-High Falls Road.

Research Notes: Served in the Revolutionary War on the side of the Americans.

From Ancestry of Paul Bailey Maness (author Dennis Manness) - http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pbmaness&id=I6515 :

He "migrated to NC about 1765 by wagon train, which stopped at the site of Smyrna Methodist Church north of Robbinson Grassy Creek. He settled near Bear Creek, in what was then Cumberland County, and owned 200 acres of land near Carter's Mill- April 27th, 1767. By May 4th, 1769 owned another 100 acres in what is now Robbins. He later bought more land, owning a total of about 600 acres. His occupation was = Farmer. He enlisted on July 28, 1775 as a private, First Battallion of the North Carolina Line( Col. Thomas Clark's Battallion), part of the Continental Army. This was a dangerous move , as most of the populationof Moore County were Scots, who were loyal to the British King.He was one of only about a half dozen local men who volunteered to fight for the American cause. He appears to have fought in northern campaigns and in the guerilla fighting that continued until 1783. Military records show his last pay period to include Feb. 1, 1785, which would indicate that he was one of the few men who stayed on "in readiness" as a peacekeeper. The 1790 Census shows him to have six sons and seven or eight daughters. Some of these children may have been adopted or the children of other family members. After the war, William served as Township Constable. He died in 1832 at the age of 94, and is buried north of Robbins off the Robbins-High Falls Rd. in the Maness Family Cemetary near Pleasant Hill Church (Moore County, NC)" Source: James Peterson.

"... I will tell you that the senior William MANESS first appeared in the Moore County area comes from ABSTRACTS OF MINUTES OF THE COURT OF PLEAS AND QUARTER SESSIONS OF CUMBERLAND CO., NC, Oct. 1755-Jan. 1779. On page 175, "May 21, 1765, Wm. MANUS (sic) is appointed constable in Capt. Cheney's District." This William is believed to have been William Jr. Also on the only surviving Tax List for Cumberland County for the period 1754-1776 is for the year 1767. On this list appeared William MINUS (Maness) and William MINUS Jr. We also find another mention of a William MANESS, Sr. was in a Land Grant from the Governor of NC in the year 1772. 100 acres of land was granted to Simeon Hart on Bear Creek in Moore County, adjoining the 100 acres grant to William MANESS..etc. A later 1783 tax list for Cumberland County, also contains a William MINUS Sr. William MINUS Jr. Wm Maness did not leave a will, but his administration of his estate was granted to Wm. MANIS (sic). Assumed to be Wm. Jr. a Geo. Glascock was his security, in the amt. of 50 pounds. These two Maness' came from Pensylvania to NC in the mid 1760's." Source: Juanita Kesler

"*Oath prescribed by Act of Assembly passed at Newbern, May 10th 1777, entitled an Act for the Security of the State. *The Highlander's Oath: I, do swear and as I shall answer to God at the great day of Judgment, I have not, nor shall have in my possession any gun, pistol or arm whatsoever, and never use tartan plaid of any other part of the Highland garb; and if I do so may I be cursed in my undertakings, family and property; may I never see my wife and children, father, mother, or relation; may I be killed in battle as a coward and lie without Christian burial, in a strange land, far from the graves of my forefathers and kindred. May all this come across me if I break my oath. 1778 - The following were listed as signing the Oath of Allegiance to the State: George Eason, Robert Gilles, Gilbert Eccles, George Meek, Adam Stewart and Charles Leitch. 1778 - The following took the Oath in July Court: James Burnside, Archibald Simson, Sion Horn, Duncan Buie, Alex. Spiers, John White, Phillip Raiford and Arch. Henry. 1779 - The following took the Oath in January Court: James Emmet, Cornelious Lofton, George McKay and Daniel Monroe. 1779? - The following took the Oath in July Court: Silvanus Wilson, Philemon Hodges, William Thomson, Thomas Kees, William Lee, Bartholomew Dunn, William Dunn, William Manus, John McIntire, Samuel Campbell, Duncan McNeill, James Cooper, Jacob Matthews and Arch. Curry. At April Court [year?] Angus McDugal took the Oath." Source: Bill Mele

"During the Revolution he served with Col. Thomas Clark's 1st NC Battalion, having enlisted 7/28/1773. Records show that he served through most, or all, of the Revolution. Army accounts indicate that he was paid 9/1/1784 and 1785." Source: Charles "Ken" Maness
------------
From findagrave.com -

Maness Cemetery
Also buried:
Garner Maness 1806-1863
Katie Maness 1814-1890
Issac Maness 1810-1841
Betsy Maness 1812-1875
Emma Maness 1846-1895
Henry Maness 1828-1830
Noah Maness 1860-1861

• Residence: 1759, Hemp, Cumberland (Robbins, Moore), North Carolina, (United States).

• Land: 200 acres near Carter's Mill, Cumberland County, North Carolina, 27 Apr 1767.

• Land: 100 acres in what is now the town of Robbins, North Carolina, 4 May 1769, Cumberland, (Moore), North Carolina, (United States).

• Land grant: to Simeon Hart of 100 acres adjoining land of William Maness, 1772, Bear Creek, Cumberland [Moore], North Carolina, (United States).

• Enlisted: as a private in the Continental Army, 28 Jul 1775, Cumberland, (Moore), North Carolina, (United States).

• Served: n the Continental Army during and after the Revolutionary War, 28 Jul 1775-1 Feb 1785.

William married Keziah Brooks.³⁶⁵ ³⁶⁶ Keziah was born about 1740 in Moore, North Carolina, (United States), died in 1832 in Moore, North Carolina, United States about age 92, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.

616 i. Rev. Seth I. Manes (born on 6 Feb 1762 in Bedford, Virginia, (United States) - died in 1852 in <Rogersville>, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States). Seth married Susan Patsy Fields ³³³ ³³⁴ ³³⁵ about 1780 in Knoxville, Hawkins (Knox), Tennessee, United States. Susan was born about 1763 in North Carolina, (United States), died about 1853 in Hawkins, Tennessee, United States about age 90, and was buried in Rogersville, Hawkins, Tennessee, United States. Another name for Susan was Patsy Fields.

ii. Susannah Maness was born in 1766 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States.

iii. Shadrach Maness was born in 1770 in Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, (United States), died on 27 Oct 1858 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 88, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.^³⁸⁶ Shadrach married Celia Wallace ³⁸⁷ in 1799 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States. Celia was born in 1780 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States, died in 1862 in Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States at age 82, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.^³⁸⁸ Another name for Celia was Cecilie Wallis.

iv. Meschach Maness was born in 1770 in Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, (United States) and died after 1840 in Alabama, United States.

v. Abednego Maness was born in 1770 in Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, (United States) and died in McNairy, Tennessee, United States.

vi. Celia Manes was born in 1773 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died in 1850 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 77. Another name for Celia was Celia Maness.

vii. Sarah Manes was born on 10 Apr 1780 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States and died on 14 Sep 1849 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 69.

viii. William Nathan Maness was born on 20 Aug 1782 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States and died by 1860 in McNairy, Tennessee, United States at age 78. William married Mary.

ix. James Manes was born about 1784 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States and died before 1840 in Sevier, Tennessee, United States.

x. Judith Manes was born in 1797 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States and died in 1880 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 83. Another name for Judith was Judith Maness.

xi. Daniel Maness was born about 1763 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) and died in 1850 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States about age 87.

1233. Keziah Brooks ³⁶⁵ ³⁶⁶ was born about 1740 in Moore, North Carolina, (United States), died in 1832 in Moore, North Carolina, United States about age 92, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.

Research Notes: May have been second wife of "Billy" Manes. Neither Lydia nor Keziah is mentioned in most sources ("unknown").

Keziah married William Jacob Maness II.³⁶¹ ³⁶² ³⁶³ ³⁶⁴ William was born in 1738 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, died in 1832 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 94, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.^³⁸⁵ Other names for William were Billy Manes, William Jacob Manes II, William Manis, and William Manus Jr.

1264. Thomas Plemin ³⁷¹ ³⁷² was born about 1728 and died about 1785 in <Rowan>, North Carolina, United States about age 57.

632 i. John Plemons (born in 1750 - died in 1815 in <Virginia>, United States). John married Elizabeth Jane Prichard ³⁴⁰ about 1771 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States. Elizabeth was born in 1759 in Virginia, (United States) and died in 1862 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States at age 103.

ii. Peter Plemons was born in 1755 in Augusta, Virginia, (United States), died in Jan 1838 in Leicester, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States at age 83, and was buried in Newfound Baptist Church Cemetery, Leicester, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States. Peter married Minerva Jane Prichard ³⁸⁹ in 1786 in Burke Co., North Carolina, United States. Minerva was born about 1771 in Burke Co., North Carolina, (United States), died in 1840 in Leicester, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States about age 69, and was buried in Newfound Baptist Church Cemetery, Leicester, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States.

iii. Thomas Plemons was born in 1760 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States, died in 1851 in Grape Creek, Cherokee, North Carolina, United States at age 91, and was buried in Murphy District, Cherokee, North Carolina, United States. Thomas married Elizabeth Roberts ³⁹⁰ ³⁹¹ in 1779 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States. Elizabeth was born about 1762 in <Rowan>, North Carolina, (United States) and died about 1839 in Macon, North Carolina, United States about age 77.

iv. Mary Plemons was born in 1765 in Rowan, North Carolina, United States and died in 1819 in Buncombe, Buncombe, North Carolina, United States at age 54. Another name for Mary was Polly Plemons. Mary married Jacob Martin ³³⁹ ³⁹² on 27 Jun 1787 in Lincoln, North Carolina, United States. Jacob was born in 1759 in Pennsylvania, (United States) and died on 17 Feb 1845 in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, United States at age 86.

Polly married Thomas Plemin.³⁷¹ ³⁷² Thomas was born about 1728 and died about 1785 in <Rowan>, North Carolina, United States about age 57.

12th Generation

2080. Robert Zane,³⁷⁶ son of Robert Zane Sr. ³⁹³ and Wilmot Zane,¹³ was born in 1642 in <Yorkshire>, England and died on 27 Jan 1694 in <Newton, Gloucester, West Jersey (New Jersey, United States)> at age 52.

Birth Notes: Birthdate may have been 19 Mar 1643 in Yorkshire (Devon), England per FamilySearch.org

Robert married Margaret Hammond ³⁷⁷ in Sep 1664 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. Margaret was born about 1645 in Yorkshire, England.

1040 i. Nathaniel Zane (born on 24 Oct 1670 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland - died on 20 Feb 1727 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States)). Nathaniel married Grace Rakestraw,³⁴⁹ daughter of William Rakestraw ³⁷⁸ and Grace Wyron,¹³ on 27 Aug 1697 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States). Grace was born in 1670 in <Dublin, Dublin, Ireland> and died on 6 Oct 1741 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States) at age 71.

Margaret married Robert Zane ³⁷⁶ in Sep 1664 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. Robert was born in 1642 in <Yorkshire>, England and died on 27 Jan 1694 in <Newton, Gloucester, West Jersey (New Jersey, United States)> at age 52.

2082. William Rakestraw ³⁷⁸ was born about 1646 in <Philadelphia, Pennsylvania>, (United States) and died on 2 Feb 1718 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States) about age 72.

William married Grace Wyron ¹³ before 1670. Grace was born on 6 Oct 1652 and died between 1677 and 1746.

1041 i. Grace Rakestraw (born in 1670 in <Dublin, Dublin, Ireland> - died on 6 Oct 1741 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States)). Grace married Nathaniel Zane,³⁴⁸ son of Robert Zane ³⁷⁶ and Margaret Hammond,³⁷⁷ on 27 Aug 1697 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States). Nathaniel was born on 24 Oct 1670 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland and died on 20 Feb 1727 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) at age 56.

2083. Grace Wyron ¹³ was born on 6 Oct 1652 and died between 1677 and 1746.

Grace married William Rakestraw ³⁷⁸ before 1670. William was born about 1646 in <Philadelphia, Pennsylvania>, (United States) and died on 2 Feb 1718 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (United States) about age 72.

2464. William Jacob Maness,³⁷⁹ ³⁸⁰ ³⁸¹ ³⁸² ³⁸³ son of John Maness, was born about 1715 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland and died in 1787 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) about age 72. Other names for William were William Jacob Manes and William Manus Sr.

Birth Notes: May have been born in Kildonan, Isle of Arran, Scotland or in Kildonan, Highland, Scotland.

Research Notes: From - http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pbmaness&id=I6516 (quoted by Dennis Mannes):
"William Maness, Sr. and Jr. arrived in Colonial America (Pennsyvania) shortly after the Battle of Culloden, 1745 (ca. 1747) sailing aboard the ship "Hope's End," out of Kildonan, Isle of Arran, Scotland, though the ship's name is still in dispute. From there, they migrated to present-day Moore County, North Carolina." Source: Greg Maness

"Some of our "cousins" have argued that William Maness I could not be the son of John Maness because John is recorded as serving as J.o.P. in North Carolina in 1711 and William was born in Kildonan in 1715. Maybe . . . maybe not. However, I have always put forward the one possibilty that COULD confirm John is the father of William. It is generally held in our records (and I guess we can never confirm beyond the shadow of a doubt, but . . .) that John was born in Kildonan in 1655 . . . William in Kildonan in 1715. My contention is that John (even at an advanced age of approx. 60), being a proud member of Clan Gunn, returned to Scotland for the first Jacobite uprising in 1714/15. While there, William I was born and there are other records that indicate that William I and his father arrived together in America. It may or may not be true, but I haven't heard a better explanation of how someone living here in 1711 could have a son born in Scotland in 1715! Unfortunately, the Kildonan Parish church records burned around the time of the second Jacobite uprising (1745 -- Bonnie Prince Charlie and all that good stuff . . .) and after the Maness boys had left). We'll never know, but doesn't that make for something interesting to ponder???" Source: Greg Maness

• Oath of Allegiance: to the State, Jul 1779, New Bern, Craven, North Carolina, (United States).

William married < >.³⁸⁴ < was born in 1718 in Orange, North Carolina, (United States).

i. Henry Maness was born in 1737 in Bedford, Virginia, (United States) and died in 1830 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States at age 93.

1232 ii. William Jacob Maness II (born in 1738 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland - died in 1832 in Moore Co., North Carolina, United States). William married Keziah Brooks.³⁶⁵ ³⁶⁶ Keziah was born about 1740 in Moore, North Carolina, (United States), died in 1832 in Moore, North Carolina, United States about age 92, and was buried in Maness Family Cemetery, Robbins, Moore, North Carolina, United States.

v. Isaac Maness was born in 1746 in Bedford, Virginia, (United States) and died <1775> in [near Erect], (Randolph), North Carolina, (United States) at age 29.

vi. John Smith Maness was born in 1749 in Bedford, Virginia, (United States).

2465. < > ³⁸⁴ was born in 1718 in Orange, North Carolina, (United States).

< married William Jacob Maness.³⁷⁹ ³⁸⁰ ³⁸¹ ³⁸² ³⁸³ William was born about 1715 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland and died in 1787 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States) about age 72. Other names for William were William Jacob Manes and William Manus Sr.

13th Generation

4160. Robert Zane Sr. ³⁹³ was born about 1620 in Devon, England and died about 1694 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) about age 74.

Robert married Wilmot Zane.¹³ Wilmot was born in 1622 and died between 1646 and 1716. Another name for Wilmot was Willment Zane.

2080 i. Robert Zane (born in 1642 in <Yorkshire>, England - died on 27 Jan 1694 in <Newton, Gloucester, West Jersey (New Jersey, United States)>). Robert married Margaret Hammond ³⁷⁷ in Sep 1664 in Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. Margaret was born about 1645 in Yorkshire, England.

4161. Wilmot Zane ¹³ was born in 1622 and died between 1646 and 1716. Another name for Wilmot was Willment Zane.

Wilmot married Robert Zane Sr..³⁹³ Robert was born about 1620 in Devon, England and died about 1694 in Newton Twp, Gloucester, New Jersey, (United States) about age 74.

4928. John Maness ³⁹⁴ ³⁹⁵ ³⁹⁶ ³⁹⁷ was born about 1655 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland and died on 21 Feb 1729 in Chowan (Bertie), North Carolina, (United States) about age 74. Another name for John was John Manes.

Birth Notes: May have been born in Kildonan, Isle of Arran, Scotland or in Kildonan, Highland, Scotland. Website "Descendants of John Maness" has b. 1655 in Loch Catrine, near Inverness, Scotland

Research Notes: From http://genforum.genealogy.com/maness/messages/461.html - Beverly Pasternak 1 Jan 2001:
John Maness b 1655 d 21 Feb 1728 or 29 Bertie Co NC wife unk., son William Maness b 1715 Scotland d 1787 wife unknown.
Wm's son William II served in Revolution b 1738 Bedford Co VA d 1832 Moore Co NC wife unknown.
Wm II son Shadrach m. Celia Wallace

i. Jacob Maness was born in 1695 in Chowan (Bertie), (North) Carolina, (United States) and died in <North Carolina, United States>.

ii. Henry Maness was born in 1700 in Chowan (Bertie), (North) Carolina, (United States) and died in 1756 in Chowan (Bertie), North Carolina, (United States) at age 56.

2464 iii. William Jacob Maness (born about 1715 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland - died in 1787 in Moore Co., North Carolina, (United States)). William married < >.³⁸⁴ < was born in 1718 in Orange, North Carolina, (United States).

2. Johnson, DeWayne B, I Have Met a Lot of Generals: A Journalist's Notebook. (Northridge: (Privately Printed), 2007.).

4. Personal Documents, Family records of Lorna (Wallace) Johnson. Cit. Date: 3 Mar 2017.

5. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 28 Apr 2020), person ID LVDV-PC3.

8. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID K2X2-GGV.

10. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2394013&id=I3275.

11. http://www.familysearch.org, https://www.familysearch.org/search/treeDetails/show?uri=http://tree.dev.familysearch.org:8080/www-af-webservice/person/3401976. Cit. Date: 23 Apr 2011.

12. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID K4FH-P5N. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020.

14. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID K81G-YD7. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020.

15. FamilySearch Historical Files (www.familysearch.org), "United States Census, 1930", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XC4M-J2Y : accessed 28 May 2016), Joseph P Fish, 1930. Cit. Date: 28 May 2016.

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319. Warren, Stephen, The Shawnees and Their Neighbors, 1795-1870 (University of Illinois Press, 2008), p. 119. Cit. Date: 27 Apr 2020.

320. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=13549323&frompage=99.

323. Website:, http://www.telegraph-office.com/McEwen_family_history/John_Kirk_1751-1822-mirror_of_history.pdf.

324. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P3273424275. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

325. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P3273428356. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

326. Census, http://files.usgwarchives.org/sc/lancaster/census/1790/lanc1790.txt.

327. Census, http://files.usgwarchives.org/sc/lancaster/census/1830/lanc1830.txt.

329. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4179.

330. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), 4. iii & Generation 4 (7).

331. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jcrogers&id=I3621.

334. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), 7.

335. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cathyconn&id=I4180.

336. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=manes&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=45&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=55466614&df=all&. Cit. Date: 26 Jul 2010.

337. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3195710736.

338. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3382520574.

339. Webb, Janet, "Migration of the Plemons/Plemmons Family," 5-Branches Newsletter Vol. 6 No. 4 (December 2004): 4-5.

340. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I104802001.

341. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rainas-shrader&id=I1479. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

342. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:af4124&id=I133.

343. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rainas%2Dshrader&id=I8175. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

344. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I519870388.

345. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I520170987.

346. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:af4124&id=I493. Cit. Date: 25 Aug 2001.

347. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rainas%2Dshrader&id=I6748. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

348. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=16341085&lds=0&frompage=99.

349. http://www.familysearch.org, fttp://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=16341095&lds=0&frompage=99.

350. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/family_group_record.asp?familyid=2733831&frompage=99.

351. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSsr=41&GScid=43936&GRid=9012827&.

352. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=2778537&lds=0&frompage=99.

353. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=2778538&lds=0&frompage=99.

354. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P3281973063. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

355. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P3281985665. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

356. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P3281985703. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

357. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3295747&id=I659064231. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

358. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=allenjkirk&id=I12236.

359. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=marbledb&id=I18521.

360. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kbullis&id=P2962928671. Cit. Date: 23 Jun 2013.

362. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3197130831.

363. Web - Message Boards, Discussion Groups, Email, http://genforum.genealogy.com/maness/messages/461.html.

364. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), 2. v. & 4.

365. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), 4.

367. Ancestry.com, http://records.ancestry.com/JacoWilson_Manes_Moore_North_Carolina_USA_records.ashx?pid=12435787&gss=seo. Cit. Date: 22 Sep 2011.

368. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rreagan&id=I14208. Cit. Date: 22 Jun 2013.

369. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jcrogers&id=I3660.

370. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), 7. viii.

371. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I101842726.

372. Webb, Janet, "Migration of the Plemons/Plemmons Family," 5-Branches Newsletter Vol. 6 No. 4 (15 Dec 2004): 4-5.

373. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I111742160.

374. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I111742622.

375. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I520977899.

376. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=16341161&lds=0&frompage=99.

377. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=16341084&lds=0&frompage=99.

378. http://www.familysearch.org, http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=16341093&lds=0&frompage=99.

380. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3197139216.

381. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pbmaness&id=I6516.

383. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), Generation 2.

384. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=foxbonham&id=P3253243828.

386. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=17909392&PIpi=19668968.

388. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=17909389.

389. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I104801992.

390. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I101842725.

391. http://www.familysearch.org, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "International Genealogical Index (IGI)," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:1:MNY2-TSV : accessed 2016-02-10), entry for Elizabeth Roberts. Cit. Date: 9 Feb 2016.

392. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:1873052&id=I104801986.

393. http://www.familysearch.org, Family Records of LeRoy Paschal Fish and Carol Jean Kirk.

396. <Loyd, Linda D.>, Descendants of John Maness (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/o/y/Linda-D-Loyd/PDFGENE6.pdf), p. 1. Cit. Date: 21 Aug 2009.

397. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pbmaness&id=I6517.

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