These pages represent the work of an amateur researcher and should not be used as the sole source by any other researcher. Few primary sources have been available. Corrections and contributions are encouraged and welcomed. -- Karen (Johnson) Fish

The Johnson-Wallace & Fish-Kirk Families



Chief Paschal Fish and Martha Captain


Husband Chief Paschal Fish 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 







            AKA: Andrew Jackson Fish, Pascal Fish, Pas-Cal-We Fish, Paschal Fish Jr, Andrew Jackson, Paschal Jackson
           Born: Abt 1796 - Shawnee Tribe, (Kansas Territory), (United States) 10
     Christened: 
           Died: Abt 4 Feb 1893 - Baxter Springs, Cherokee, Kansas, United States 11
         Buried: 







         Father: William Jackson Fish (Abt 1760-1833) 12 13 14 15
         Mother: Martha "Polly" Rogers (Abt 1782-1847/1849) 16 17








       Marriage: 1840 - Kansas, United States 18





   Other Spouse: Hester Armstrong Zane (1816-1852) 19 - 14 Oct 1846 or 1847 - <Ohio>, United States





   Other Spouse: Mary Ann McClure (Abt 1795-      ) 20 - After 1852





   Other Spouse: Mrs. Barret





   Other Spouse: Jane Quinney (Abt 1820-1873) - 1859 - Kansas Territory (Kansas), United States



Events

•  Legislation: Indian Removal Act passed by Congress, 28 May 1830, Washington, District of Columbia, United States. 

•  Residence: by 1832, Kansas Territory (Kansas), United States. 

•  Established: Wakarusa Indian Mission, 1848, Eudora, Kansas, United States. 

•  Correspondence: Letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 Apr 1850. 

•  Census: of Shawnee, 1854. 

•  Treaty: Ceded Land along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri back to United States, 10 May 1854. 

•  Census: 1856. 

•  Sold: 800 acres to German Settlement Society, Feb 1857, (Eudora, Kansas, United States). 

•  On the same date in February 1857, Paschal Fish bought back the odd-numbered lots of at least three blocks between the Kaw and Wakarusa rivers.  At that time, before Eudora was a town, there were only 4 townships in Douglas County.

•  Incorporated: Eudora, Kansas, incorporated as a city, Fall 1858, Eudora, Kansas, United States. 

•  Elected: Elected Head Chief of the Shawnee Nation, 1 Jan 1858. 

•  Deed: 1860, Eudora, Kansas, (United States). 

•  Represented: city of Eudora, Kansas, May 1860, Washington, District of Columbia, United States. 

•  Agreement: between the Shawnees and Cherokees, 7 Jun 1869. 21 

•  Moved: From Eudora to Indian Territory near Miami, Oklahoma, 1870, Miami, (Ottawa), Oklahoma Territory (Oklahoma), United States. 

•  Census: U.S., 16 Jul 1870, Eudora, Douglas, Kansas, United States. 22 

•  Adopted: into the Quapaw tribe, 1 Oct 1880, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). 23  (Participant) 

•  Roll: of Quapaw members entitled to share moneys derived from grazing and sales of hay, 15 Mar 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). 24  (Mentioned) 

•  Affadavit: from Charley Quapaw, Head Chief of the Quapaw tribe of Indians and interpreter Alphonse Vallies, 20 May 1889, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, (United States). 

•  Authorization: granted by the U.S. Department of the Interior to the Quapaw tribe of Indians, 14 Mar 1891, Washington D.C., United States. 25  (Mentioned) 






Wife Martha Captain 7





           Born: Abt 1814
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



Events

•  Census: of Shawnee, 1854.  (Household Member) 





Children


Birth Notes: Husband - Chief Paschal Fish



www.whatsineudora.com has birth year as 1805.
--
Researcher Don Greene sets his birth year at 1804.

Historic Names of the Shawnee in the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html 
has b. abt 1792 in Ohio.

According to his obituary in the Baxter Springs newspaper in February 1893, he was 96 years old at the time of his death, putting his birth year around 1796 or 1797.

He was listed on the 1854 Indian census rolls for the Shawnee Tribe as 50 years of age, putting his birth year at 1804, though the "50" could have been a guess(?).


Death Notes: Husband - Chief Paschal Fish



Obituary from the Baxter Springs news. [volume], February 18, 1893, Image 5 provided by the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas through https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov:

FROZEN TO DEATH.
Paschal Fish, an old man 96 years of age, was frozen to death during the blizzard about two weeks ago. He resided on the Shawnee reservation, about 18 miles south and east of this city [Baxter Springs, Kansas] and had been down into the Cherokee nation on business. He started to return home alone, and was within a mile and a half of home when he was overcome by the severe cold and could go no farther. His body was found 24 hours afterward by a young man who was looking for some stock. Mr. Fish lived as belore stated, in the Shawnee reserve, but claimed a right in the Quapaw reserve. He was fatlher of Jack Fish, well known in this city, and was a Methodist minister. He preached in Baxter Springs frequently several years ago, but of late years seldom visited this city. He had many friends in this city who will regret his sudden demise.


General Notes: Husband - Chief Paschal Fish



From http://www.whatsineudora.com
http://gen3.connectingneighbors.com/static/19448.pdf

"A statue of Chief Paschal Fish and his daughter, Eudora, is being created by world renowned Lawrence [Kansas] sculptor, Jim Brothers. When completed, it will be a 7 ½ foot tall bronze statue and will be placed in the CPA Park in downtown Eudora. The casting will be completed by the Ad Astra Foundry, which is located about 10 miles NW of Eudora.

"The statue has been created to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the City of Eudora (1857-2007) and will be dedicated October 6th, 2007 during the annual EudoraFest. It depicts Shawnee Indian Chief Paschal Fish and his daughter, Eudora, in the year of 1857 with Chief Fish holding a ferry oar and with Eudora clutching his waist.

"The land Eudora was built on was purchased from Chief Fish by the German Settlement Society from Chicago. The German settlers honored the request of Chief Fish and named their new town after his daughter, Eudora.

"When the U.S. Government allotted land to the Indians, Chief Fish received 1,000 acres in this part of Douglas County. In 1857 he sold 800 acres to the German Settlement Society from Chicago. Chief Fish owned and operated the Fish Ferry, which crossed the Kaw River just north of downtown Eudora. He also owned the Fish House, which was located on the south edge of Eudora along the Westport Trail. The Westport Trail
connected Kansas City to Lawrence and tied into the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. He often took in travelers for the night and provided them with food and shelter. On May 1, 1855, the Kansas Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, stayed at the Fish House. The Governor.s horse was hidden, so it would not be seen by pro-slavery supporters. Chief Fish was a Methodist minister and was instrumental in establishing and teaching at the Wakarusa Indian Mission which was built in Eudora 1848-1850.

"Paschal Fish (1805-1894). In approximately 1870, Chief Fish moved from Eudora to Indian Territory near Miami, Oklahoma. In 1894 at the age of 89, Chief Fish was found frozen to death along Tar Creek near his home at Baxter Springs, Kansas.

"Eudora Fish (ca. 1848-1877). In 1868 Eudora Fish married Dallas Emmons. They lived in LaCygne, Kansas and had 4 children. Eudora passed away unexpectedly at the age of 29. Her body was transported from LaCygne to Wyandotte, Kansas. She is buried in the Huron Indian Cemetery in downtown Wyandotte.

"Project Funding

"The primary resources for this project have been Eudora Lions Club members, personnel from various departments within the City of Eudora, and also many community partners that have hosted/assisted with fund-raising activities. There has been wide support for this project ranging from the purchase of engraved bricks that will be placed around the base of the statue to cash donors whose names will be placed on a bronze plaque that will be mounted to the base of the statue. The Shawnee Tribe that is located in Miami, Oklahoma is also very supportive of the project.

"Fund-raising activities have been sponsored/supported by the Eudora Historical Society, United Methodist Church, Knights of Columbus, Chamber of Commerce, Boy Scouts, Eudora school personnel and their facilities, Annie.s Country Jubilee from Tonganoxie, plus many Eudora businesses and individual volunteers."

------------------

From Wikipedia - Eudora, Kansas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudora%2C_Kansas

"In 1856, three members of a German Immigrant Settlement Company (called Deutsche-Neusiedlungsverein) from Chicago, sent out a location committee to choose a town site in the new Indian Territory, which had been opened up to settlement by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, passed in May 1854 . Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups flocked to this territory.

"The three Germans sent to the present site were H. Heimann, F. Barteldes and C. Scheifer. Favoring the Eudora area, they drew up contracts with Chief Paschal Fish for 774 1/2 acres, from the Kansas River to the south for about a mile (over 200 blocks total), with two public squares and a park. In February 1857, Chief Fish entered into contracts with the Trustees of the Chicago Verein for purchase of the land "to secure a more perfect title" at a price of $10,000. Fish bought back on the same day the odd numbered lots of at least three blocks between the Kaw and Wakarusa  rivers.

"A map of Douglas County drawn up in early 1857, before Eudora was a town, shows only four townships in the county with Eudora included in the Wakarusa township.

"A group of 16 men, 4 women, and some children had came in the spring of 1857 to begin settling at the site. Peter Hartig, age 34, was the leader of this Chicago group, and he was accompanied by his wife. The Society paid expenses for the settlers. Eight more men, who paid their own way, came later. The formal title, signed by an Indian Agent named Newsom, was drawn up on February 4 , 1860.

"The town's name was derived from the name of Chief Paschal Fish's 13-year old daughter; it is a name of Greek derivation meaning "giving" or "generous." Chief Fish said that if they did this there would never be a tornado to touch down in Eudora. There hasn't been a tornado there to this day."

--------------------------

From http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/eudora/growth.htm :

Eudora was incorporated as a city in the fall of 1858 under Territorial laws and the first election was held in 1859 under Fred Faerber as mayor as of March 10. Councilmen elected were Peter Hartig, August Ziesenis, M. Marthey, P. Hoffenau and A. Summerfield. Justice of Peace was Fred Swartz; City Treasurer was Charles Achning; City Clerk was C. F. Swartz; and Marshall was Fred Soelte.

The records of the city business transactions were written in German until 1860. The original copies are at Kansas University Spencer Research Library. Two Kansas University German students translated them for the Eudora Centennial 1957.They are microfilmed. The original copies are at Kansas University library.

In March, 1859 the Eudora City Council agreed to commission the Secretary of the Chicago company to furnish a city seal for the town with the design on it of white man shaking hands with an Indian and with some suitable adornment and with a circular inscription: City of Eudora, Douglas County, Kansas Territory.

From city council minutes:
March 17, 1860-"The Mayor presented for consideration the problem of investigating whether the city is justified in collecting real estate taxes, and in selling the lots which have accrued to the city through nonpayment of the assessed taxes, Tabled."

May 7, 1860-"Agreed to table the tax question until Paschal Fish or Clark returned from Washington (Note! Paschal Fish was still an important person in the city to go to Washington to investigate a city matter).


Research Notes: Husband - Chief Paschal Fish



From Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History by Don Greene, 2014, pp. 114-115:

529.  Fish, Paschal aka Pascal Fish-Paschal Jackson - ¼ Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis born 1804 OH-died 1893 KS - son of William Jackson Fish/60-adopted-white & Martha Rogers/82, Treaty 1854, Principal Chief of Fish-Rogers band 1860 with William Rogers/85, husband 1st 1824 OH of Julia Parks/1806-1/4th Thawikila-Metis, 2nd 1830 OH of Jane Hohthawakawe/1815 Thawikila, 3rd 1842 KS of Hester Jane Armstrong [Zane]/1800-Wyandot-Metis, 4th 1847 KS of Mary Ann McClure (Steele)-5/64th Chalakatha-Thawikila-PekowiCreek-Cherokee-Metis, 5th after 1852 of Martha Captain/1814-7/8th MekocheThawikila-Metis, father with Parks of Joseph Paschal Fish/1825-1/4th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Thawikila-Metis, with Hohthawakawe of Obediah Fish/1842-5/8th Chalakatha-Thawikila-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis, with Zane of Eudora Fish/1845-1/8th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Wyandot-Metis, with McClure-Steele of Leander Fish-Leading Turtle/1848-5/32nd ChalakathaMekoche-Thawikila-Pekowi-Creek-Cherokee-Metis, with Captain of Mary T. Fish/1854-9/16th Chalakatha-Mekoche-Pekowi-Metis

--------------
From text accompanying a photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives:
"[Leander] Jackson Fish's father [Paschal Fish] was half Shawnee, one eighth Miami and one sixteenth Delaware; his mother was one fourth Wyandot (Huron)."
--------------
Information from the following source does not match other sources. May not be accurate:

From Historic Shawnee Names of the 1700s - http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html
"Fish, Paschal aka Paschal Jackson - 1/2 Shawnee Metis born about 1792 OH-died after 1854 KS - son of Fish aka William Jackson-adopted white & Shawnee Woman, moved to KS by 1832, Treaty 1854, husband 1st of Mary Ann Steele/95-Metis, 2nd of Jane Hohthawakawe/95, 3rd of Hester Armstrong Zane-Wyandot Metis, father with Mary Ann of Leander aka Leading Turtle/1814"
-------------
From the website "The History of Eudora, Kansas" at https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee%20.htm

 Paschal Fish, tribe leader, innkeeper, ferry operator, and Methodist minister. At age 33, Paschal Fish Jr., also spelled "Pascel," "Pascal," "Paschall," "Pasqual," and "Pescel," assumed leadership of the Fish Tribe, also known as the Jackson tribe. In 1837, he worked as a blacksmith and gunsmith assistant at Fort Leavenworth, according to Indian Department employment records.

The Fish Tribe with Fish Jr. moved to the Eudora area in the early 1840's. With him came James Captain; William Rogers; Joe Parks; William Parks; a Crane; the Bluejackets (Charles, George, and Henry); and others. Votes cast in the 1855 tribal election, with Mathew Clerk serving as clerk, showed some of this original group stayed. As for the election, it resulted in Henry Bluejacket, Dougherty, Simon Hill, Tooley, and Tucker voted council leaders, and Joseph Parks and Graham Rogers (who owned 1,000 acres in Johnson County by 1858, built a home at 6741 Mackey in Merriam, and was the son of a white man kidnapped by Shawnee and raised by Chief Blackfish), the principal chiefs. Charles BlueJacket served as interpreter as he did for federal treaty agreements.

On 1854 Indian census rolls, Fish Jr. was listed as being 50 years of age with a wife, Martha, age 40. His children were Obadiah, 12; Eudora (Udora), 9; and Leander Jackson, 7. Fish Jr. also had foster children (and additional children with his later wife, Mary Ann). Mary Emmons, a direct relative, found at least four wives for Paschal - Hester Zane, Martha Captain, Jane Quinney (another account says her surname was Hohthawakawe also spelled Hoh-tha-wa-ka-se), and Mary Ann Steel - and four for Leander - Julia Parks, Rose Fish, Mary Kathryn Large, Josephine Heitz, all of whom divorced Leander. Other genealogical reports include Mary Ann Clure; Fern Long, Eudora, claims he was married also in Missouri before his marriage to Hester Zane, a Wyandot and mother of Eudora Fish; and a Mrs. Barret was recorded in February 9, 1854 by Reverend C. Boles in Shawnee Marriages 1843-1857.

Although Shawnee, Paschal Fish Jr., and other tribe members did not resemble the Indians of western lore and Hollywood movies. Wilson Hobbs, a doctor who lived with the Shawnee from 1850 to 1852, wrote: "At the time of my residency with these people there were very few full-blooded Indians among them. . . . The Parkses (Joe and William), the Blue-jackets (Charles Henry, and George), the Fishes (Paschal and John), the most noted and influential men of their tribe, were scarcely half-bloods, the white predominating. Of the three Blue-jacket brothers, George had most red blood and least civilization."

He and his brother, Charles, pictured on the left, who had helped at the inn, operated a ferry across the Kansas River in the Weaver area. Charles appeared to operate the ferry in all government references and owned the land from which crossings took place. The ferry was on the trail that the U.S. Army blazed from Fort Leavenworth to Willow Springs to join the Santa Fe Trail. The Kansas Legislature also licensed Fish to operate the ferry a mile up and a mile down the Wakarusa.

Colonel Stephen Kearney and 280 First U.S. dragoons left the military trail in 1846 to blaze a new trail to Fort Leavenworth. They crossed the Kansas River near where the Wakarusa joins it on "a ferry operated by Indians." Lieutenant J. W. Albert wrote June 29, 1846:

"In the river we found two large flatboats or scows, manned by Shawnee Indians dressed in bright colored shirts, with shawls around their heads. The current of the river was very rapid, so that it required the greatest exertion on the part of our ferrymen to prevent the boats from being swept far downstream. We landed just at the mouth of the Wakaroosa creek. Here there is no perceptible current; the creek is fourteen feet deep, while the river does not average more than 5 feet; and in some places is quite shallow. . . .the pure cold water of the Wakaroosa looked so inviting that some of us could not refrain from plunging beneath its crystal surface."

According to Fern Long, Eudora local historian specializing in the Kansas Territory, the Fish ferry was in operation before 1845 and until the 1860s. The ferry was used continuously by the army as well as by travelers heading west to join other trails. Troops from Fort Leavenworth usually made it to the ferry in one day and camped on the Wakarusa bank after crossing. Fish got $1 a wagon for the crossing. Some days as many as 90 provision wagons crossed over on the ferry.

John Bowes wrote in From Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West (New York, 2007, pg. 112-113): "A prevalent business in the 1840s entailed charging American travelers for passage across the creeks and rivers that impeded their journey along the various trails that originated in the Missouri border towns. . . .Wyandots, Shawnees , Potawatomis, and Delawares all ran small ferries at the various rivers in eastern Kansas that coursed across both their reserves and the popular emigration trails. . . .Only a few miles east of the Potawatomi reserve, Paschal and Charles Fish, two Anglo-Shawnee brothers, also operated a ferry on the Kansas River. They benefitted not only from emigrant travel but also from the U.S. soldiers that required the Indian flatboats on their way to Mexico in 1846.

"Paschal Fish did more than just operate a ferry, however. He took advantage of other traveler needs and by the 1850s transformed his home into an inn. Located approximately ten miles east of present-day Lawrence, his two-story house greeted weary travelers in need of food and a place to rest their heads. Although the creaking cottonwood boards did not always inspire confidence in the stability of the second floor, and competition for the single washbasin and square mirror often delayed morning preparations, the inn nevertheless received satisfactory evaluations. A hot breakfast, complete with fresh biscuits and coffee, was served, and it sent travelers on their way. Fish also owned a small store and cultivated approximately one hundred acres of corn and thirty acres of oats. Wagon train drivers told visitors stories of this Shawnee man who 'don't drink a drop of whiskey' and who sat on his porch with his hat on, 'in a ruminating mood.' Although these drivers may have tried to make their stories more colorful with such descriptions, it remained clear that informed travelers in the 1850s knew of Paschal Fish and the services he provided."

Fish Jr.'s thatched-roof roadside inn for travelers, the Fish House, was on the 1857 Territorial Map. Morris Werner, author of Hotels, Taverns and Stage Stations, said it was in Block 154, Lot 9 or at the junction of the then Ferry Road and Westport & Lawrence Road. A Kansas Historical Quarterly article locates it at Section 8, Township 13 south, Range 23 east. The Eudora News Weekly in more recent years claimed the inn was on the Fremont Trail used by travelers going to Topeka at the site where William Knake lived in the 1930s. Supporting the trail location, Oscar Richards, who wrote about Fish in the March 23, 1892 Eudora newspaper, recalled his friend of more than 30 years as charitable, kind man who kept a "sort of hotel, or tavern, in the south part of Eudora townsite, on the line of the wagon road leading from Independence, Kansas City, and Westport to Lawrence, Topeka and further west, and known as the John C. Fremont Trail."

Another Eudora News article, this one from 1895, reads: "Probably the oldest structure in or about Eudora was destroyed last week when Albert von Gunten tore down the old Roper dwelling house, on the south edge of town, to replace it with a handsome story and-a-half modern building. Away long in the early 50s, . . .this building was the first stopping place out of Independence on the old Santa Fe Trail, and was under the management of Paschal Fish, an Indian, from who, some years later, the present townsite of Eudora was purchased. With the advent of the railroad and the abandonment of the overland stage, the usefulness of the inn was destroyed and for many years it has been occupied as a dwelling house by different parties. The building originally was constructed from native timber and while much repair work was done it is nevertheless a fact that the biggest part of it stood as first put up and would have stood from many years to come."

An 1855 account by C. H. Dickson, "A Night in the Paschal Fish Hotel," says 32 women, men, and children slept in a 6-foot by 16-foot room and used bedding from their wagons. It had one bed with a prairie hay mattress, six chairs, and a fireplace. Wrote the author, "In the sleeping room, all but one (who sat in a rocking chair all night) spread out on the floor. I had a buffalo robe and managed to wrap in it and wedge into the mass of humanity on the floor." Territorial governor Andrew Reeder hid there one day from pro-slavery sympathizers in the nearby town of Franklin. The inn was used a polling place in 1855 and was said to have a blacksmith shop and grocery.

Dee Brown, in the 1958 book The Gentle Tamers, said Fish Jr., hired a New England man as a business manager and cook. A woman stopping there in 1855, Brown wrote, described the inn:

"We dismount and enter at the only door into the first story of a large building, simply boarded and loosely floored. It is dimly lighted with poor tallow candles in Japan candlesticks, which bear evidence of having been the support of many candles before. There is a long table, and men, in whose faces there is absolutely no mouth to be seen, and only a gleam for eyes - an entire party of heads, covered with dirty, uncombed, unwashed hair. There were no more chairs. Our baggage was brought in, and we made seats of it. The men ate as though the intricacies from their plates to their mouths had become a perfect slight of hand with them. As they passed out of the room, the dishes were wiped out for us."

After he sold the inn as a residence during the 1850s, Fish Jr. went on to build a house east of Eudora off Seventh Street past the present Eudora Cemetery on Lothholz family land holdings.

About this fellow Methodist, Marovia (Still) Clark, an early Eudora resident wrote:

"But our truest and best friend was Paschal Fish, a brother of Charles (the interpreter). He told Father that he had never tasted whiskey since he became a Christian. He said, "I like whiskey but when I see it and smell it, I go off, because it makes me a very bad man.' He came over to see us nearly everyday, as he lived only a few hundred yards from the Mission.

"Father had built a small smoke house and put a bend in the shade of that smokehouse so that he could sit there and rest and read when he came in from work. He and Mr. Fish would sit there and relate their experiences and surely if anyone every enjoyed hearty laugh, he did. He liked to tell jokes, one in particular he liked to tell on himself."

"The joke was about an incident in St. Joseph, Missouri. Fish went with a missionary who preceeded Still (before 1851). When asked to attend to prayers, Fish said, 'Brother Fish feel very big' and throw his head back and stepped to show how big he felt to be honored by so many preachers. When going to a chair, he missed and fell with his feet flying up in the air. Fish said to concerned onlookers 'Brother Fish feel so shamed. Brother Fish feel so small.' Each time Fish told the story, he would laugh and laugh."

From the journal of Sarah Lindsey and printed in the 1858 English Quakers Tour Kansas article in February, 1944 (Kansas Historical Quarterly 13, 1, p. 50) comes another account of Fish: "On 5th day the 8th had a meeting in our friends cabin where Levi Woodward, wife & child came to meet us. An Indian named Pascal Fish, with his wife & son also gave us their company. The Wing of Divine Goodness was felt to spread over us, and we had an interesting season, wherein counsel & close things were spoken to some present. Prayer was also offered. On separating the Indian seemed to regret that we had not taken up our quarters at his house, as he had room &c., and could have found food for ourselves, and corn for our horses: he requested that we would pray for them. The Indians were well dressed, & the man spoke good English."

(Georgianna "Anna" Rogers Stanley, born in 1861, the daughter of George and Laura Stanley, often told her children stories of the Shawnee traveling on a trail east of the Hesper Church. In her obituary, the children said the Shawnee traveled the trail to go to their camps on Captain Creek and the Wakarusa River.)

The 1857 Annual Report of the Missionary Society, Sunday-School Union and Tract Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Volumes 38-42, tells of Fish's religious conversion: Among the Shawnees is Paschal Fish. His father[-in-law] was a white man by the name of Rogers and [who] was taken by the Indians when a boy, and married a Shawnee wife. Many years afterward Rogers and one of his brothers met, and by marks and scars which they recollected, they recognized each other. Their mutual recognition was deeply affecting. They fell on each others' neck and wept. The brother, a gentleman of wealth, invited Rogers to come and live with him, but he declined. He said he loved his wife and children, and they were Indians, and would not be respected among the whites, and rather than subject them to mortification and insult, he chose to dwell among his adopted people. The son took the name of Fish, because he belonged to what was termed the 'Fish Band,' that resided on the Gasconade in Missouri. Pascal was educated by his uncle, among the whites, and when our ministers began to preach where Pascal resided, being able to understand our language, he became deeply awakened, afterward was powerfully converted to God. For some ten years past he has been a preacher, and has served our ministers as an interpreter. He has acquired great influence among his people, and at the council which was being held when I left the territory, he was the leading Free Soil candidate for the chieftancy of his nation. He sets his people an example of industry. I heard it estimated that his lands, the present season, would produce five thousand bushels of corn and several hundred bushels of wheat. Fish did obtain leadership of a certain Shawnee segment but only briefly.

In the 2007 Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West, John Bowes wrote of Fish's land speculation during a time when Shawnee land selection and distribution took years. Fish's missionary school education helped his intermediary position and Shawnee Council involvement during the 1850s until he was accused of accepting a thousand dollar bribe involving land transfers and had to resign in disfavor. Then, in February 1858, the Shawnee real estate mogul sent a letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs James Denver requesting a patent in fee simple for the land he and his family selected under the 1854 treaty. "I propose to sell all or a portion of my lands to a company of men from Chicago, Illinois who intend to build up a town," Fish explained, "and unless you shall favorably regard my request I shall be unable to retain them here and my lands and those of my neighbors will lose the plus value they might acquire by the instance of that town." Yet this communication was nothing more than a formality. The Chicago group settled, built, and populated the town of Eudora, appropriately named after one of Fish's daughters. Following the lead of the Territorial Legislature, Governor Samuel Medary approved Eudora's charter in February 1859. The only hindrance of the town's existence was the fact that Fish still had not received an official deed to his land from the federal government by the summer of 1859."

Copyright 2015. Cindy Higgins. Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw: A History of Eudora, Kansas. Eudora, KS: Author.

From

German Settlement Society. The area around Eudora was considered desirable because trails made it a heavily-trafficked travel route between the East and California. During the early founding years of Douglas County, many Germans, often directly from their home country, came to this area for a variety of reasons, including a changing economic situation in Europe, rising land prices, political repression, the failed 1848 political revolution, military service avoidance, overpopulation, marriage restrictions, lure of good land at cheap prices, improved transportation, religious convictions, and glowing advertisements. Some communities, too, paid travels costs for undesirable individuals in exchange for the individual giving up all citizenship rights.
German immigration reached its peak in 1854, the same year, a group of German emigrants in Chicago formed a settlement company known variously as the "Deutsche Ansiedlungs Verein" (German Settlement Society), Neuer Ansiedlungsverein (New Settlement Association), Eudora Town Company, or Eudora Homestead Association (which appeared in legal land transactions). According to records research done by Stefan Klinke, a Kansas University graduate student, the company headed by Edward Schlaeger, a German newspaper publisher, had 50 members at first and ultimately numbered more than 600 stockholders. Three company agents, H. Heimann, Friedrich Barteldes, and Christian Schleifer, traveled west to find a settlement site.
The trio visited sites in Missouri and Kansas and reported back to the shareholders about land recently received by the Fish Tribe from the U.S. government. The May 10, 1854 treaty between the United States government and the United Tribe of Shawnee Indians had decreed that the Indians must cede all the land they were given in the 1825 treaty except for 200,000 acres. By 1857, the land was divided: Each "single man" received 200 acres and "the head of a family a quantity equal to 200 acres for each member of his or her family."
Fish could have sold the land to individuals, but he decided to set up his holdings as a townsite, a package deal where he retained select town lots. This land speculation was complicated by the procedures he had to follow to sell the land, which necessitated obtaining a certificate from a Shawnee chief declaring his competency as well as a certificate from the Shawnee land agent. Once that was done, the the two certificates were sent to the Interior Department in Washington, D.C., an agency known for its slow processing, for approval. Edward Clark, Fish's attorney, in a September 19, 1859 letter complained about the process to the acting commissioner of Indian affairs, Charles Ellis. Fish, owner of 2,000 lots in the proposed town of Eudora, wanted to sell 500 and use the money to improve the rest. However, the approval procedure was so slow that buyers weren't interested and for the town to grow, it needed tax money, which couldn't be generated if the lots were not sold. Fish said the proposed towns of Tecumseh, DeSoto, Chillicothe, and Shawnee City, all were having the same problems as his speculative town of Eudora, according to an 1981 article in the Journal of the Kansas Anthropological Association (Volume 2).
Slow sales processing wasn't the only problem Fish faced. Negotiation and exploitation marked the 1850s in regard to Indian land. For example, Hancks writes that August 19, 1856, the new Wyandot Tribal Council requested Wyandott Commissioners to modify treaty lists: to strike out Eudora Fish and Leander J. Fish (children of Paschal and Hester Zane Fish), and Sarah Zane, and to several others including all infants born between March 1 and December 8, 1855. In The End of Indian Kansas, H. Craig Miner and William Unrau claimed land agents and attorney exploited several tribes; Fish himself complained that attorneys he paid to go to Washington charged him 25% in negotiations, added on 7.5% for risk, and tacked on 10% for extra services.
Tribal leadership played a large part in negotiations and often land speculators picked Inidan leaders based on how easy an individual was to persuade. Fish inherited his title; however, elections replaced hereditary leadership during the 1850s. In Larry Hancks' The Emigrant Tribes: Wynadot, Delaware, and Shawnee, A Chronlogy, Paschal Fish was reported as having replaced Captain Joseph Parks in elections as the head chief of the Shawnee Nation in January 1, 1858.
Besides the Germans, others, too, had interest in buying the Fish Tribe land. One was Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, one of the first Kansas senators to Congress. In his 1855 letter to James Blood, the first mayor of Lawrence, Pomeroy wrote that he was negotiating with Fish Jr. and Charles Fish, "two half-breed Shawnees-educated-honest and both are Methodist Preachers" to lay out a town with a mill, school, and place for religious worship. In return, Pomeroy was to get " a good title to one half of the City Site (every other lot) also to all the lots we build upon and improve. Also they give us 320 [acres] of wood land lying between the Wakarusa & Kansas Rivers."
 Pomeroy also wrote he planned to name "every point and place in this city" with Indian words and suggested calling his settlement: 'Fish Crossing City." At least 20 others, had expressed interest in buying the land, Pomeroy wrote. One apparently was James Lane. His name appears on quit claim deeds to Paschal Fish dated in 1865 that state: "Remise, release and quit claim in Douglas County, Kansas; All the lands included in the boundaries of the City of Eudora, in said County."
Authorized by the society, Louis Pfeif (also spelled "Pfief"), a Chicago draftsman who stayed in Illinois, and Charles Christian Durr (spelled "Duerr" in land records) bought 774 l/2 acres from Fish Jr. to found the town of Eudora and acted as land trustees. They paid $10,000 in February 1857 to Fish Jr. who retained the odd numbered lots in an area between the Kansas River and Wakarusa River. According to Miner and Unrau, Fish also required the Germans to build 75 houses, a large sawmill, a grist mill, a shingle mill, and a bridge over Nakanwa Creek (valued at $100,000) [the Wakarusa? the Kansas River?] in addition to supplying graded streets. Whether or how this was done is uncertain. What is known is that A formal title for the purchase <https://www.eudorakshistory.com/settlement/fish_record.htm> was given on February 4, 1860 and recorded in Eudora Book B, page 5.
Louis Pfeif, the draftsman who came on the first visit with Charles Durr, apparently just came once and returned to his job at the Chicago land and financial office called Iglehart & Co., according to Stefan Klinke, who studied Eudora's real estate transactions of the time. Land abstracts in 1862 show that Pfeif and his wife, Elizabeth, who appeared with him on transactions, enlisted in the Civil War causing the Eudora Homestead Association to have Theodore Tiedemann to act in his place. However, Louis Pfeiffer, who may have been the same person, and his wife left Eudora around 1870 and moved to San Francisco. Holy Family histories report he died there in 1916. Charles Durr (1821-1889), who ran Eudora's saw mill, corn cracker, and steam flouring mill, did settle in Eudora. He moved the sawmill to Lawrence around 1867, but returned to Eudora a few years later when he bought back his Eudora flour mill.
It was said that the settlement society named the town Eudora to honor Fish's daughter, Eudora, a name from the Greek language that means "beautiful." However, Oscar Richards, a land agent who knew Paschal Fish and handled his real estate transactions starting in 1857, said in 1893 that Fish requested the city be named after his daughter, and, the island in the Kansas River north of Eudora, to be called "Leander" after one of his sons. James Albert Hadley, who lived in Eudora, left his memories of Fish's daughter, Eudora, in a 1907 letter to the Kansas State Historical Society:


 young woman had little Indian blood. Her father [Paschal Fish] was 7/8 white & her mother was the daughter of an important Ohio White family. The mother died & left the daughter, Eudora, & a younger Bro, Leander, who were raised & educated by their white grandmother in Ohio . . . . I called at Paschal Fish's place in October 1866 and was introduced to his daughter Eudora. She had no sign in face, figure or complexion of Indian blood."
Another account, this one from text accompanying Leander's photograph from the Smithsonian Institution archives, claimed Paschal Fish, Jr., was half-Shawnee, one-eighth Miami and one-sixteenth Delaware, and the mother of Leander and Eudora was one-fourth Wyandot. In time, Paschal Fish, Jr., left Eudora, and by 1880 was living in southeast Kansas. He, his son, and daughter-in-law asked to be adopted into the Quapaw tribe living on land by Baxter Springs in 1880. This allowed Fish, the first non-Quapaw to be adopted into this tribe, to build a house on their reservation and rent it and the reservation land for grazing to cattle ranchers. The U.S. Secretary of Interior ruled the adoptions legal in 1883 in spite of protests as long as the Fishes lived on the reservation. The Quapaw on the reservation were open to adoption as the tribe had only 31 members, according to their Indian agent in 1880. Others had joined the Osage or lived elsewhere. However, in the next couple of years as adoptions increased, other Quapaw came to live on the reservation that was allotted into individual sections after the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887. To read more, see Larry Johnson's 2009 Tar Creek: A History of Quapaw Indians, the Largest Lead and Zinc Discovery, and the Tar Creek Superfund Site. (Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing).
 The Eudora Town Company gave the settlers $4,000 for buildings, furniture, six yoke of oxen and mills for corn, grain, and lumber under the administration of Charles Dürr and Samuel A. Johnson. The party left Chicago and arrived at their destination, April 18, 1857. They settled near the Kansas River and Wakarusa River by the north side of the present Main Street.


 The settlers built an 18-foot by 20-foot log cabin on a site directly behind (or east) of 714 Main Street, which they shared for awhile. Althought the log cabin in the photograph belonged to the Schneider family who lived on east Seventh Street, it gives an idea of the appearance of this communal home. Years later, the Gardner, Hill, and Company department store would use it for a warehouse, wrote Will Stadler in his 1907 account "Eudora Fifty Years Old!" They may have thought about living further south, because James Hadley, Hesper, wrote in his 1907 letter to George Martin: "The Chicago Germans located their colony first at 'South Chicago' 3 miles south of 'Hesper' early in the spring of 1857, but one house was buildt there when they bought the ground of Paschal Fish at the mouth of the Big Wakarusa & named the place Eudora for the great Shawnee's daughter."
A related group also came, but paid their own expenses, including: Anton Gufler, Charles Lothholz, Frederick Pilla, Friedrich Bartheldes, August Ziesenis, C. Neuman, Dan Kraus, and Abraham Summerfield, who had emigrated from Russia in 1850 to New York where he lived for five years. John Buck, a Prussian from Baymunden who came to the United States in 1847, also came in 1857 as did C. H. Richards, who moved to Lawrence after Quantrill's Raid and was a brother of long-time Eudora noteworthy Oscar Richards. In addition, Joseph Jacobs "came to this state in the spring of 1857" and "assisted in laying out the village of Eudora," claimed his biography.
Said David Katzman, a Kansas University professor, in a June 17, 1979 Lawrence Journal World article: "The town was founded by German immigrants many of whom had left after the revolution of 1848. They were called the '48ers.' Several in the group such as Summerfield and Cohn were Jewish. Katzman said they probably viewed their stay in the United States as temporary and sought out a German community. The Jewish arrival n Eudora makes the city the second oldest Jewish community in Kansas with Leavenworth holding the title of "oldest" by one year. In 18959, of the 29 households in the city, seven were Jewish. with the birth of several children, by 1863, Eudora had about 50 Jewish citizens. …
Copyright 2015. Cindy Higgins. Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw: A History of Eudora, Kansas. Eudora, KS: Author.
___________
From
http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/wyandott/history/1911/volume1/29.html (part of KSGenWeb Project)
and http://www.whatsineudora.com

Transcribed from History of Wyandotte County Kansas and its people ed. and comp. by Perl W. Morgan. Chicago, The Lewis publishing company, 1911. 2 v. front., illus., plates, ports., fold. map. 28 cm. [Vol. 2 contains biographical data. Paged continuously.]

Chapter III.
"Among others of the Shawnees who won distinction for meritorious work in aid of civilizing and educating the tribe was Paschal Fish. He was a local preacher and his brother Charles was an interpreter. They would listen to sermons preached by the white men in the missions and translate them for those of the Indians who could not understand English."

Chapter V.
"The Shawnee Indian mission was the most ambitious attempt of any Protestant church in the early times to care for the Indians of Kansas. In 1828 what was called the Fish band of Shawnee Indians was moved by the government from Ohio to Wyandotte county, Kansas. They were under the leadership of the Prophet [Ten-squat-a-way (The Open Door)], the brother of the great Tecumseh, who made his home near the spot where the town of Turner [Kansas] now stands. The following year [1829] the Reverend Thomas Johnson, a member of the Missouri conference of the Methodist church, followed the Indians to Turner, built a log house on the hill south of the Kansas river and began working among the red men as a missionary. In 1832 the rest of the Shawnee Indians from Ohio rejoined their tribe in Kansas. The government allotted them a large reservation of the best land in eastern Kansas..."

"The mission among the Delaware Indians [in Wyandotte County, Kansas] was opened in 1832 by the Reverend William Johnson and the Reverend Thomas Markham, appointed by the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church to take charge Though the Delawares were advancing in agriculture and their fine prairie lands interspersed with timber were improved, they had but little culture. Many of the elder members of the tribe retained their ancient prejudices against Christianity and, in consequence, the membership of the Mission church was never large...

"The Mission was erected in 1832 near a spring in a beautiful grove.. on the high divide on the site of the present town of White Church, facing east... It was destroyed by a tornado on
May 11, 1886.... After the inauguration of the mission and school by the Reverend William Johnson and the Reverend Thomas B. Markham, E. T. Peery was in charge from 1833 to 1836 inclusive ... Others who were connected with it were ... the Reverend Nathan Scarrett for whom the Scarrett Bible Training School is named, and the Reverend Paschal Fish.

"In the early days a log parsonage was erected and a camp ground was laid out in which great camp meetings for the Indians were held. These camp meetings... were attended by Indians of various tribes, many coming in their blankets. Each tribe had its interpreters to follow the words of the preacher, or exhorter, and translate them into English. The two Ketchums, James and Charles, full-blood Delawares, were interpreters...

"Prominent among the Delawares was Charles Ketchum, for many years a preacher in the Methodist church... In the separation troubles, in 1845, the Delawares went with their church to the southern branch. But Charles Ketchum adhered to the northern branch, built a church himself and kept the little remnant of the flock together...

"The interpreters for the northern branch were Charles Ketchum, Paschal Fish and Isaac Johnnycake."
----------------

Pascal "PAS-CAL-WE" FISH:
Census: 1856, #343 age 50

Notes:
100529
Title: Document granting land to Pascal Fish on behalf of other Fish family members
Description: This document, with President Buchanan's signature signed by a secretary, granted land to Pascal Fish and his family who were members of the "united tribe of Shawnee Indians." The land was granted under provisions of a treaty between the Shawnee Indians and the U. S. government signed May 10, 1854. Specific acreage in Johnson County was designated.
Dates: September 27, 1859
Number of Images: 1
Call Number: James Stanley Emery Collection, #339, Box 3, Folder Commissions 1854-1899
Location of Original: KSHS

See KHC, vol. 9, pp. 166,167. Historian Rodney Staab of Shawnee Mission, Kansas, has furnished me with an excellent account of Chief Fish written by Fern Long. Her information conflicts somewhat with other sources, but it should not be missed by anyone doing research on the Jackson/Fish family. According to her 1978 article on Chief Fish, she agrees that [William Jackson Fish] was captured as a youth and raised by the Shawnees in the band of Lewis Rogers whose daughter he married. Paschal Fish was "a large-framed man" who "also acquired the Indian ways seeming to be totally Indian." but at the same time, she says "these Shawnees had associated with white people for generations and desired a settled life with homes, schools, churches, ___and agriculture."

c) Hester Zane, lived in MO, d. 4/17/1852, bur. , m. 10/14/1846, Paschal Fish
i) Eudora Fish (1849-1877)
ii) Andrew Fish, b. 1851
iii) Leander J. Fish [b. 1852]

***

From Eudora Community Heritage of Our USA Bicentennial, 1776-1976
History Committee, Eudora Bicentennial Committee, 1977 :

Pages 6-11

INDIAN LANDS
The Kanza Indians, who were the native inhabitants of northeast Kansas, were of Siouan linguistic stock, having permanent villages, cornfields and gardens along the fertile river valleys of the State of Kansas. They also hunted for meat.

The United States government adopted a plan by the mid 1820's to remove Indians from east of the Mississippi River to the "vacant" lands in the west. (The lands were not vacant but were less populated and the white man kept wanting more land, as more people came to America for freedom from persecution in Europe.) The government called it "for humanitarian and political reasons"!

A treaty with the Kanza and Osage Indians (in the southeast part of the state) in 1825 restricted their territory. This led to unclaimed land west of the Missouri River. President Jackson's Indian Policy proposed voluntary emigration of the East Indians to the land west of the Mississippi river, acted on by Congress May 28, 1830 with Indians north of Ohio to relocate in Territorial Kansas reservations which were offered to 27 Tribes, including the Shawnee.

THE SHAWNEE INDIAN TRIBE
The Shawnee Indian Tribes were settled in the eastern part of North America forested areas of Ohio, Tennessee, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, since the mid-1700's. They spoke the Algonquian language and were tribally related to the Sauk and the Fox Tribes.
Most Shawnees had migrated west to Ohio by 1786 when the Government moved the Indians west of the Mississippi river, by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, when they were forced to the smaller reservation in Kansas.

Chief Cornstalk and Chief Tecumseh struggled to hold their land (Battle of Tippecanoe) but were defeated. The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, peacefully accepted the proposition.

The United Tribe of Shawnees started coming to Kansas in 1825 to the Shawnee Township, Wyandotte County. By 1828 most were moved, but much of the Tribe of the Fish came in 1831. The Fish Tribe had children educated in a Friends Mission school in Ohio. The Shawnee Indian Chief, Paschal Fish, Sr. [William Jackson Fish], was white and raised with Indians.

The Shawnee Reservation was from the Missouri River on the east, to the Republican River on the west, south of the Kansas River, about 150 miles long and 20 to 30 miles wide. It was almost the same size as the Delaware reservation on the north side of the Kaw River. The Reservation included a quarter of Shawnee County and Geary Counties, one third of Morris County, half of Waubaunsee, one-fifth of northern Franklin and Miami counties and all of Douglas and Johnson counties.

The Fish Tribe settled near Kansas City before moving to Eudora. At Shawnee Mission, called Johnson's Mission at first, the Fish family helped at the school operated by the Methodist Church, 1830-1862, arriving with 40 Indians and five whites. Paschal Fish, Sr., [William Jackson Fish] died there in 1834 [October 1833].

THE FISH TRIBE
The namesake of Paschal Fish, Sr. [William Jackson Fish], assumed leadership of the Fish Tribe at age 33 [about 1793]. Paschal, Jr., was also known by his white name of Andrew Jackson. Paschal is not an Indian name but means Easter or Passion, and could have been given him at the Friends Mission school he attended in Ohio. Paschal was also spelled Passel, Pascal, Paschal, Pascal and Pestle. He was listed on the 1854 Indian census rolls for the Shawnee Tribe as 50 years of age. He had a wife, Martha, age 40, son Obadiah age 12 years, Eudora (Udder) age 9, and Leander Jackson age 7. In 1860 Mary T. was listed as a member of the family of the original deed in Eudora, so may have been born after the census. Paschal also had a foster son, an orphan, who came here and received the same portion of land as his own children, according to an early deed and abstract. His first one or two wives apparently died and he married Mary Ann Steele (nee McClure). A daughter, Jane Q. was born, but died in 1873.

Pastel's brother Charles [b. about 1815] also lived here and was 41 years old on the [1854] census roll. He must have been married and had a child, as early city records list him paying a fine for a child in 1862 and 1864. A Jesse Fish paid $3.00 in 1863 and no mention of any relationship to Paschal or Charles. John also lived here and was an influential member of the Tribe. There was also a Julia Fish, who was the wife of Leander Jackson.

In 1837-38 Paschal was listed as a blacksmith and gunsmith assistant at Fort Leavenworth. In 1847-52 he served preaching assignments in Eudora, Shawnee Mission and the Chicago Mission (near Weston, Mo.).

Northern Methodist Church Shawnee Indian members of Shawnee Mission who came to Eudora area were the Fish family, James Captain, Wm. Rogers, Crane, Parks, (Joe and Wm.) and the Bluejackets (Chas. Geo. and Henry.)

Paschal and other prominent Indians kept open house for early day travelers to and through Eudora on the Westport-Fremont Trail from the northeast and from the Oregon trail on the southeast, going west to Lawrence, Oregon and California.

Paschal Fish has been described as kind, friendly, educated, speaking English well, but sometimes signed his name with an X. On the Eudora deed when he sold to the German Settlement Society he wrote legibly. He probably moved to this area in the 1840's, although the land here was not given to Tribe members until the Treaty of May 10, 1854, when the Government provided 200 acres to each member of the chief's family, to be selected from the Shawnee reservation. Paschal chose 1172 1/2 acres, where the Wakarusa river joins the Kaw. They were given the right to sell their land, and he sold 774 1/2 acres in 1857 to Chicago Settlement Company.

Paschal and brother Charles operated a ferry boat across the Kansas River near the mouth of the Wakarusa. The legislature licensed him to operate the ferry a mile up and a mile down stream. DeSoto had the next ferry to the east. In 1846 a portion of Doniphan's expedition to Mexico crossed the river at Eudora on a ferry. His home was said to be where the Bob Lothholz's live, 1 mile east. These ferry boats were large flat scows (or piroughs) manned by Indians dressed in colorful shirts, shawls and headbands.

In 1854 Paschal Fish built a thatched roof hotel (store, tavern, Inn), called the Fish House, located on the 1857 Territorial Map. It was about a mile south of the river in Block no. 154, Lot no. 9 at about 17th and Main St. on the property recently sold by Mrs. Francis Skinner, half to the Highway Department for the new no. 10 highway and half to a builder. The Fish House provided meager accommodations to travelers on the early trails. An early account of an overnight stay says the sleeping room was 16' x 16' with 32 people sleeping in a mass on the floor. There was one bed with prairie hay mattress, six chairs and a fireplace, and it was overcrowded! Bedding was buffalo hides or bedding from wagons. The Territorial Governor of Kansas, Andrew Redder had to go south to Blanton's Bridge to cross, due to high water on Wakarusa and a Company of pro-slavery men at Franklin. He reached the Fish House at daylight, hiding his horse and carriage and staying hid. He left the next day. The hotel was a polling place in 1855. Reports reveal a blacksmith shop and grocery or general store in connection with the hotel. The building was later enlarged.

City records state that Paschal Fish went to Washington D.C. for the city, after Eudora was settled [in 1857]. Also there was Chief Johnny Cake living in Eudora area who went to see "the Great White Father", according to an article written by Mary E. Mosher, who lived here in 1865-66. There was also an interpreter, Charlie King, who could have been Charlie Fish. She wrote that a number of the Indians lived in houses of the best class, spoke good English, being educated in Mission schools.

-----------------------

Under Other Flags / Indian Lands / Oregon Trail / Mission / Becomes a City / Sad Years / Railroads / Business / Education
Published by West Junior High, NEH project, with permission of the Eudora Community Heritage, History Committee, Eudora Bicentennial Commission, 1977.

page 449
194. Long, Fern. "Revised Indian History re: Pascal Fish, Sr." Eudora Enterprise [Eudora, KS] June 22, 1978, 4A. This the first of three articles, traces the descendants of the Shawnee chief Pascal Fish, Sr., [William Jackson Fish] who brought the Lewis Rogers band of Shawnees from Missouri to the present day Kansas City area in 1830. According to information given here, this band was a portion of the Shawnees who had migrated to Missouri in 1784, settling on a branch of the Meramac River (while a majority settles around Cape Girardeau about 1803). A descendant, Charles Fish, was an interpreter at Dr. Abraham Still's Friends' Wakarusa Mission.

**************************************

From Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West by John P. Bowes (New York, 2007)
pp. 1-3:
"For example, a letter written in April 1850 by six Shawnee men. Charles Fish, Paschal Fish, James Captain, John Fish, Crane, and William Rogers wrote to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Orlando Brown from their homes south of the Kansas River just west of the Missouri border. Their seven-page missive detailed a number of complaints against the Methodists living and working on their reserve. Among other misdeeds, the missionaries had bribed and corrupted members of the Shawnee Council and neglected the children who attended their manual labor school. 'The truth cannot be concealed,' the six Shawnees proclaimed, 'they [the Methodists] have departed from their legitimate office and have become "money changers."' But this accusation did not complete the list of grievances. The missionaries had also sided with proslavery forces in the recent split of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They then proceeded to harass those Shawnees who supported the antislavery Methodists and would not allow a northern preacher on the reserve. Charles Fish and his partners had a simple question for Commissioner Brown: 'Shall we who live on free soil enjoy less liberty than the citizens of a slave state?'

"...Multilayered relationships in eastern Kansas influenced those six Shawnee men. An internal power struggle with a faction of Ohio Shawnees partially explains the written attack against the Methodists. But the choice of words is also telling. Charles Fish and his compatriots charged the missionaries with abandoning their religious principles and becoming 'money changers.' The very use of the phrase, perhaps a reference to the men Jesus threw out of the temple in a familiar Biblical event, highlights the background of at least two of the Shawnees. Both Charles and his brother Paschal attended mission schools in their youth, and while Charles translated for missionaries in the 1840s, Paschal often preached at the services. Finally, in their references to slavery these men displayed a clear understanding of past legislation and contemporary politics. They knew the Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in their region and wanted it known that both missionaries and Shawnee leaders were in direct violation of that legislation."

p. 109:
"The number of ...government-appointed positions increased dramatically with the establishment of reserves and Indian agencies in the western territories. In 1838 alone, the Fort Leavenworth Agency employed eight different mixed-descent men... Among [the seven who worked as assistant blacksmiths] were Paschal Fish, Charles Fish and Nelson Rogers, all products of relations between Anglo-American men taken captive as children and Shawnee women they later married. At Indian agencies throughout the trans-Mississippi West, men like Tiblow, the Fish brothers, and Rogers performed services as interpreters and as assistant blacksmiths for salaries that by the early 1850s reached up to $400 per year."

pp. 112-113:
"A prevalent business in the 1840s entailed charging American travelers for passage across the creeks and rivers that impeded their journey along the various trails that originated in the Missouri border towns... Wyandots, Shawnees, Potawatomis, and Delawares all ran small ferries at the various rivers in eastern Kansas that coursed across both their reserves and the popular emigration trails... Only a few miles east of the Potawatomi reserve, Paschal and Charles Fish, two Anglo-Shawnee brothers, also operated a ferry on the Kansas River. They benefitted not only from emigrant travel but also from the U.S. soldiers that required the Indian flatboats on their way to Mexico in 1846.

"Paschal Fish did more than just operate a ferry, however. He took advantage of other traveler needs and by the 1850s transformed his home into an inn. Located approximately ten miles east of present-day Lawrence, his two-story house greeted weary travelers in need of food and a place to rest their heads. Although the creaking cottonwood boards did not always inspire confidence in the stability of the second floor, and competition for the single washbasin and square mirror often delayed morning preparations, the inn nevertheless received satisfactory evaluations. A hot breakfast, complete with fresh biscuits and coffee, was served, and it sent travelers on their way. Fish also owned a small store and cultivated approximately one hundred acres of corn and thirty acres of oats. Wagon train drivers told visitors stories of this Shawnee man who 'don't drink a drop of whiskey' and who sat on his porch with his hat on, 'in a ruminating mood.' Although these drivers may have tried to make their stories more colorful with such descriptions, it remained clear that informed travelers in the 1850s knew of Paschal Fish and the services he provided."

p.167:
"Federal misconceptions about Shawnee society and politics compounded [disagreements about title and rights of occupancy of the Western Reserve.] Most treaties failed to recognize the numerous bands that comprised the larger Shawnee community. The Missouri Shawnees, under which designation the Fish, Rogerstown, Apple Creek, and Cape Girardeau bands fell, were not a homogeneous entity with shared political interests. Neither were the Ohio Shawnees, whose membership included the Wapakoneta, Hog Creek, Huron River, and Lewistown bands. Many of these competing interests played out during the relocation to the Kansas River reserve. The Cape Girardeau band believed that government commissioners had misled them about the 1825 treaty and argued that they had never agreed to allow any Ohio Shawnees to settle on the western lands. As a result, a portion of the Shawnees under the leadership of Black Bob did not move to eastern Kansas and instead settled along the White River in Arkansas. Meanwhile, the Rogerstown and Fish bands traveled directly to eastern Kansas, where successive parties of Oh9io Shawnees joined them over the next several years. A more complete reunion in 1833 occurred only through intimidation. Black Bob's band still had no desire to move to the Kansas River."

pp. 169-171:
"For the better part of the first three decades they resided on the reserve, the Shawnees also used the Christian missions as a channel for their political struggles. From 1830 to the late 1850s, the Shawnees attempted to control the access and impact of missionaries. Negotiations with the Baptists, Methodist, and Quakers had begun even before the arrival of the Wapakoneta and Hog Creek Shawnees. Unfortunately, at least in the missionaries' eyes, the Shawnees in the West refused to limit themselves to the services of only one denomination. Several headmen welcomed both day and boarding schools, all the while stressing their interest in the services the missionaries provided as opposed to the theology the ministers preached. Although the struggles regarding education and religion did not always involve the larger internal conflicts, such battles more often than not reflected the political divisions on the reserve.

"In the summer of 1830, the Methodists and the Baptists answered the call for a missionary among the Shawnees. A Missouri Shawnee chief named Fish spoke to the local Indian Agent, George Vashon, and requested a missionary establishment to educate the children of his band. Fish, also known as William Jackson, was a white man raised among the Shawnees since childhood. He and his band relocated to eastern Kansas from Missouri in 1828, and now wanted a school. Vashon quickly responded to this request and passed along the message to Reverend Jesse Green, the Presiding Elder for the Missouri District of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). As the letter made its way to Green, however, another missionary intruded. Isaac McCoy entered the Shawnee reserve in August 1830 while on a survey expedition for the Delawares. The missionary and his two sons encouraged the Shawnees to accept a Baptist mission. Tenskwatawa ["the Shawnee Prophet"], Captain Peter Cornstalk, Captain William Perry, and the other assembled Shawnees appeared pleased with his offer. After the formal council, McCoy also spoke with Fish, at which time the Shawnee headman reiterated his desire for a mission school. But this meeting did not alter his first agreement. Fish's band would have a Methodist school and the Ohio Shawnees would have a Baptist school. In September 1830 the Methodists organized their mission and appointed Thomas Johnson as its supervisor. Johnston Lykins, McCoy's son-in-law, crossed the Mississippi in July 1831 and commenced construction on the Baptist mission.

"...arguments between the Baptists and Methodists were pointless because most Shawnees did not dwell on theological differences. Shawnee parents saw an opportunity for their children to learn to read, write, and gain skills that would give them an advantage in future interactions with American citizens and society. As a result, they protested when any missionary appeared to stray. In May 1833, John Perry, William Perry, and Peter Cornstalk complained to William Clark about the Methodists. Rather than dwelling on issues of religion, these Shawnee leaders criticized Thomas Johnson for meddling in their affairs... They even made it clear that although they had given leave to Johnson to set up a school for fish's band, they did not want him 'to meddle himself with our people.' Yet, the Shawnees' displeasure extended to the Baptists as well. At two different points in 1834 the tribal council requested that the government remove all missionaries from their lands. Isaac McCoy questioned this decision, and he implied that white men in the vicinity unduly influenced the Shawnees against the missionaries. Putting aside his differences with his religious adversaries, McCoy insisted that the majority of the western Shawnees accepted and desired the Baptists and the Methodists.

"By blaming Shawnee complaints on outside meddlers, McCoy ignored both the content of the Indians' initial requests and the missionaries' initial failure to follow through on their promises. When Fish spoke to Agent Vashon in the summer of 1830, he asked for a mission to educate the children. The Shawnee chief's son, Paschal, already had some schooling, and the headman wanted the other children in his band to learn as well. Although other Shawnee leaders did not take the same initiative as Fish, they acceded to the missionary presence, and some welcomed the educational opportunity for their children."

p. 173:
"Twenty-seven Shawnees attended regularly during the [Methodists' Manual Labor School's] first year in 1839. Over the next decade, the number rose only slightly, reaching thirty-six in 1851. Four years later, according to Johnson's records, the attendance of Shawnee children reached eighty-seven. These affiliations extended beyond the children and into the participation and conversion of adults. Although [William Jackson] Fish died in October 1834, his sons Paschal and Charles followed the wishes of their father. Paschal served as a class leader at the mission meetings by 1838, exhorted in public the following year, and became a licensed preacher in 1843. Lewis and William Rogers joined Paschal at the meetings in the late 1830s and early 1840s, which meant that the Rogerstown band also had a presence. The Rogerses were sons of Lewis Rogers, a white captive, and the daughter of the Shawnee chief Blackfish. The two boys and their brothers had gone to a Methodist school in Kentucky, which no doubt influenced their affiliation. Meanwhile, Waywaleapy continued to participate in the Methodist meetings and even spoke during religious services. Although Methodist Shawnees were still a significant minority, their participation illustrated the ability of Johnson and his colleagues to transcend tribal politics."

pp. 174-175:
The Methodist Episcopal Church "split in 1845 into a northern and a southern division, neither side willing to compromise [on the issue of slavery]. Without hesitation, Thomas Johnson affiliated himself and the school with the southern [proslavery] faction.

"The rift in the church revived the divisions within the Shawnee Methodists. By the following year [1846] Shawnees with antislavery leanings began to keep their children out of the Manual Labor School. Then in 1849, approximately eight-five Shawnees petition the MEC North to send them a preacher so that they could continue to hold services. Reverend Thomas Markham's arrival brought a quick response. Indian Agent Luke Lea notified the minister that the Shawnee Council wanted the northern preacher off the reserve... Markham's supporters countered quickly. In a communication to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Orlando Brown, Paschal Fish, Charles Fish, and William Rogers railed against Johnson's stance and argued that Lea overstepped the authority of his office. 'We as an independent people chose to remain in the old church,' they declared. More important, the Fish brothers and Rogers declared that the Shawnee council had gone too far. They asked that the Shawnee chiefs be informed, 'that this [religious affiliation] is a matter over which they have no right to control.'"

pp. 176-177:
"[In 1851] the Shawnees adopted a republican form of government, a move that heralded a more substantial transformation. This new governing structure contained seven elected officials: a head chief, a second chief, and five council members. Elections took place every autumn... A delegation of Shawnees, including Black Bob, protested to U.S. officials only a few years after the change. Rather than welcoming an elective government, Black Bob and his supporters believed that the old hereditary chief would best represent the tribe's interests..."

p. 177:
"[Joseph] Parks became the first elected chief in 1852 and over the next two years came under fire [from Black Bob and other like-minded Shawnees supporting the traditional hereditary chief system] for appearing to promote a new treaty with U.S. officials. But his position at the head of a new republican government recognized by the United States made the new chief difficult to depose or even oppose. Knowing that they lacked the power to initiate change from within, a delegation of six Shawnees visited the Kansas Agency in October 1853. Thomas Captain and Charles Bluejacket joined the familiar leading men of the Missouri bands, Charles Fish, Paschal Fish, Henry Rogers, and William Rogers, in protesting the future plans of their principal chief. They had heard that Parks was preparing to hire a frequent business partner of his, a lawyer named Richard W. Thompson, to draw up a treaty to send to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. From all appearances, their complaints went unanswered. Indeed, it helped the U.S. government to have the Shawnee principal chief amenable to a treaty at a time when American expansion had become both desired and unavoidable.

"As the Shawnees faced the prospect of an organized Kansas Territory in 1854, they remained as divided as they had been when they first arrived on the reserve."

p. 222:
"Contests over authority among the Shawnees after 1854 were imbalanced. The Shawnees who held their lands in severalty dominated the elected council. Although Ohio Shawnees formed the core of this group, the leadership ranks included men of mixed descent who nominally belonged to the Missouri faction. Graham Rogers a member of the Council in the 1850s and the elected principal chief in 1865, was one of the more prominent of these Missouri-born Shawnees who accepted allotment and allied with the Ohio faction. He was the son of Lewis Rogers, a white man adopted by the Shawnees in the 1700s, and Parlie Blackfish, the daughter of the Shawnee leader Blackfish. Along with other members of the Shawnee band that once lived at Rogerstown, Graham and his family had settled along the Kansas River in 1828. He and other members of the Rogers band allied with the leading members of the Ohio Shawnees."

pp. 223-226:
"[During the Civil War, [b]oth the Black Bob and Absentee Shawnees disputed the right of the Ohio faction to control the lands in Kansas, especially since the 1825 treaty that established the Western Reserve bore the marks of Missouri Shawnees.

"...In 1861, the Confederacy sent Albert Pike on a diplomatic mission to Indian territory. Southern sympathizers, Creek Indians among them, harassed the Absentee Shawnees when the latter refused to ally with the confederacy. Rather than endure this harassment, the Shawnees left Indian Territory and traveled north to Kansas... By the summer of 1863, the migration of Absentee Shawnees had increased the population of the refugee settlements on the Black Bob lands to more than one hundred and fifty men, women, and children. In the winter of 1864 the community expanded again when five hundred to seven hundred Shawnees fled their homes along the Kansas-Missouri and Kansas-Indian Territory borders.

"With this refugee infusion, the more traditional element now had the numbers to opposed the severalty Shawnees Approximately five hundred and forty Absentees resided in Kansas by the fall of 1863, and together with the Black Bob Shawnees, this mixed band totaled nearly seven hundred and seventy... Although voting normally took place in the fall, the 1862 elections were postponed to January 1863 because of wartime unrest. But when the Shawnees came together at DeSoto on January 12, a disagreement arose as to the manner of elections and those who would be allowed to participate... Now the Black Bobs argued that 'all Shawnees that held their land in severalty were citizens, and had no rights in the tribe.' In a decisive move, they held a separate election. On January 14 these Missouri Shawnees gathered at Paschal Fish's house and elected Black Bob as head chief and Paschal Fish as assistant chief. In the election report sent to President Abraham Lincoln, this alternate leadership argued their case in simple terms. 'Which shall govern,' they asked, 'the majority or the minority[?]' From their position the proper answer was clear. Yet, neither Lincoln nor any other federal official viewed this election as legitimate and did not alter their relationship with the Ohio Shawnee Council. Nevertheless Paschal Fish continued to assert the rights and authority of the Missouri Shawnees even after Black Bob's death in 1864.

"The Ohio Shawnees eagerly cast Paschal Fish as a hypocrite. He not only owned land in severalty, they pointed out, but had also served as an elected member of the Shawnee Council at various times from 1852 to 1860. Fish and his family had accepted allotments under the terms of the 1854 treaty. He had also actively participated in the republican government before his sudden passion for Black Bob's cause. Indeed, the Shawnees elected Paschal Fish as their principal chief in the fall of 1859. However, Fish resigned in disgrace less than a year into his tenure. 'A charge was made against him,' Charles Bluejacket explained, 'of receiving a bribe of one thousand dollars to induce him to pay to certain claimants a large sum of money belonging to the tribe.' Apparently the evidence was damning enough to force Fish's resignation. According to Bluejacket, Fish became an enemy of the Council from that point forward, and in Black Bob the former headman found a person and a cause to manipulate. Because Fish had attended a missionary school as a child and even became a Methodist preacher, his western education far surpassed that of most in the Black Bob band, and an intermediary role presented opportunities to influence negotiations. Critics of Fish also attacked his association with Abelard Guthrie. Guthrie, the Wyandot by adoption who claimed in the 1860s that he alone was responsible for the organization of Kansas Territory, was often accused in the 1860s of meddling in Shawnee affairs. Charles Bluejacket and others viewed Guthrie as a blowhard and an opportunist taking advantage of dissension to promote a personal agenda.

"Consequently, Paschal Fish's leadership may have had the unfortunate consequence of undermining the legitimacy of Missouri Shawnee opposition. At the very least, his participation made it easier for federal officials to ignore the voices of those Shawnees determined to assert traditional rights to leadership. Fish's personal history as a speculator and disgraced principal chief overshadowed the fact that the Missouri Shawnees had long seen themselves as the proper leaders based on the ancient divisions. But it is also likely that the federal government would have held the same position regardless of Fish's participation. Federal officials had consistently revealed a desire to promote 'government chiefs' and to create single polities from the multiple bands and villages of Indians who once populated the southern Great Lakes region. Rather than negotiating separately with several leaders, federal agents and commissioners had long advocated centralized native governments with at least nominal authority to make business decisions. Paschal Fish's presence would not necessarily have altered their position."

pp.231-232:
"From 1857, when government surveyors finalized selections among the Kansas Shawnees, to 1866, allotment, warfare, sales, and taxation separated most Shawnees from at least a portion of their original selection. Although numerous factors made the process of dispossession seemingly complex, the actual equation was simple. Conditions in Kansas made it difficult for anyone but the wealthy to hold on to their allotments. Before 1860, land sales occurred primarily at the instigation of prosperous Shawnees. As early as July 1857 local officials reported that, 'a number of the principal men of the tribe such as the Chief Joseph Parks, Blue Jacket and others are buying out those that will sell.' they key question was whether the federal government would validate such exchanges, and how soon the Office of Indian Affairs would permit sales to white men. Paschal Fish in particular intended to profit from eager and prosperous emigrants. In the winter of 1856-1857, he met three German speculators who traveled from Chicago to Kansas to purchase land on which they might establish a town. After a brief negotiation, the three men arranged to buy a large section at the mouth of the Wakarusa River. According to the contract, the town company would survey all of the eight hundred acres purchased from Fish. In a canny business move, however, fish sold the men only half of the acreage and retained the remaining four hundred acres in alternating sections on the surveyed town site. Then, in February 1858, the Shawnee real estate mogul sent a letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs James Denver requesting a patent in fee simple for the land he and his family selected under the 1854 treaty. 'I propose to sell all or a portion of my lands to a company of men from Chicago, Illinois who intend to build up a town,' Fish explained, 'and unless you shall favorably regard my request I shall be unable to retain them here and my lands and those of my neighbors will lose the plus value they might acquire by the instance of that town.' Yet this communication was nothing more than a formality. The Chicago group settled, built, and populated the town of Eudora, [Kansas] appropriately named after one of Fish's daughters. Following the lead of the Territorial Legislature, Governor Samuel Medary approved Eudora's charter in February 1859. The only hindrance to the town's existence was the fact that Fish still had not received an official deed to his land from the federal government by the summer of 1859.

"... an act passed by Congress and approved in March 1859 set a number of conditions to be met before an Indian could sell off part of his or her allotment. These conditions included a certificate of competency signed by two chiefs of the individual's tribe as well as a certificate from the appropriate Indian Agent. If these and other steps were not fulfilled, the Secretary of the Interior could reject the deed. As illustrated by Paschal Fish, however, federal inaction did not necessarily hinder land transfers. This lax system cut both ways. Land sales helped Shawnees in desperate need of money to purchase food and clothing in the early 1860s. Yet the ease with which deeds were written and ownership transferred also made it easier for Shawnees to lose their allotments."

pp.238-239:
"[On] June 7, 1869, the Shawnee Council reached an agreement with the Cherokees, whereby the Shawnees would pay the Cherokees approximately $50,000 and would become members of the Cherokee Nation. The severalty Shawnees thus became Cherokee-Shawnees. President Grant approved this agreement on June 9, and the Shawnees arranged the disposal of their Kansas territory. Because of this agreement, the Shawnees, through their former agent and current attorney James Abbott, requested that 'the rules and regulations for the conveyance of their lands be so modified as to permit them to dispose of all their lands.' By 1871, seven hundred and seventy Shawnees resided within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

"Even as they struggled to reach this agreement, the Shawnee Council battled with the Black Bob Shawnees over the latter's thirty-three thousand acre reserve. By 1865, squatters had laid claim to most of that land. Then in 1866, right before his term ended, Shawnee Agent James Abbott issued patents to individual plots on the reserve to sixty-nine Black Bob Shawnees. Most of the plots were promptly sold to persons other than the squatters. The resulting conflicting claims placed the Black Bob band in the middle of a legal battle that lasted into the 1880s. Paschal Fish argued that Abbott had issued fraudulent patents and that the subsequent sales should not be recognized. Further investigation by Kansas officials supported Fish's accusations. 'I never applied for a patent to my land,' a Shawnee named Wahkachawa testified in July 1869, 'nor never authorized any one to do so for me; I am opposed to the issuance of patents.' On the same day Wahkachawa registered his complaint, Jim Jacob and John Perry informed Justice of the Peace for Johnson County Sherman Kellogg that at least three of the Black Bobs who reportedly requested patents had been dead for years.

"...When a series of appeals and lawsuits by squatters and other interested parties kept the issue alive, the Black Bob Shawnees chose to leave Kansas without obtaining any satisfactory resolution. Rather than wait for financial closure that might never come, most of the Black Bobs moved to Indian Territory."

----------
From http://www.kansasheritage.org/werner/tavern.html - Hotels, Taverns and Stage Stations:
Fish's Hotel 1850's, Eudora, KT. Pascal Fish, Prop. At jct. of ferry road and Westport & Lawrence road, near center of S8 T13S R23E. (KHQ V.2 P.276)

and
from http://www.kansasheritage.org/werner/ferry.html - Fords, Ferries and Bridges:
Fish's Ferry 1845 on Kansas River at present Eudora. Pascal Fish, Prop. Units of Col. Stephen W. Kearny's Army of the West crossed here in 1846. Eudora P.O.1857, Frederick Metzeke, postmaster. (KHQ v.2 p.276; Barry p.558, 585, etc.)

--------
From http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kansas/ :
Shawnee . In 1825 the Shawnee residing in Missouri received a grant of land along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri. In 1831 they were joined by another body of Shawnee who had formerly lived at Wapaghkonnetta and on Hog Creek, Ohio. In 1854 nearly all of this land was re-ceded to the United States Government and the tribe moved to Indian Territory, the present Oklahoma. (See Tennessee .)

-----
From The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee, A Chronology by Larry Hancks:
1858 - January 1; Paschal Fish is elected Head Chief of the Shawnee Nation, replacing Captain Joseph Parks. Fish owns and operates a trading store and ferry on the site of the present town of Eudora (named for his daughter), some 6 miles east of Lawrence.

***

From The Shawnees and Their Neighbors by Stephen Warren, 2008, pp. 120-121:

Boachman's Shawnee relatives through marriage, including Lewis Rogers, Paschal Fish, and Henry Rogers, worked as exhorters, interpreters, leaders, and stewards in the late 1830s and 1840s. Men with Methodist ties dominated government posts as blacksmiths and interpreters as well. Some of these positions were lucrative. In 1838, Paschal Fish and his brother, Charles, earned $120 and $60, respectively, as assistant blacksmiths. In that year, unnamed "Shawnee chiefs" earned $310. Richard Cummins made this possible by favoring Johnson's supporters. The promise of steady employment and greater influence appealed to men such as Joseph Parks, whose wealth in land and status in the Old Northwest was well known. Cummins managed to justify hiring Parks as his interpreter to the emigrant Indians, despite the fact that Parks "does not understand much of the languages" common in the Indian Territory.
Methodist ties to government officials helped them lure prominent Ohio Shawnees, including Wewellipu, the speaker for the Shawnee nation, to their church. Their success with top Shawnee leaders led to an increasing number of converts and guaranteed their dominance on the reservation. Thirty-three Shawnees were baptized in 1841 alone, more than three times the number recorded by the Baptists in that same year. Between 1841 and 1844, members of the Perry and Blackhoof families abandoned the Baptists and began to appear at Methodist functions, suggesting that the Wapakoneta Shawnees' long-standing prejudice against Methodism, dating back to the 1820s, had begun to subside. Thomas Johnson's son, Alec, recalled that "every Johnson child was adopted by the Indians and given a name." The Shawnee "baptism" took place during the Green Corn Dance. Alec Johnson was adopted and Wapakumseka, or "Sun Shining on the Water," by Paschal Fish. The younger Blackhoof accompanied Fish and adopted another missionary's child, naming him Katawekasa. Early success with the Rogerstown and Hog Creek Shawnees, disciplined expansion of their mission, and the ability to procure steady financial support translated into a marked increase of Ohio and Missouri Shawnees to the Methodist ranks. The Methodists secured partnerships with both Ohio and Missouri Shawnee leaders, thus ensuring the economic and diplomatic prowess of their mission. The Methodists were the first denomination to significantly break down the division between villagers from Ohio and Missouri, and united them in a new, Christian community.
Shawnees affiliated with the Methodist mission also conveyed Methodism to American Indians beyond the reservation. Exhorters were particularly important to the success of the camp meeting, for their chief duty was to invite "sinners to enter the pen by reminding them of the prospects of hell and damnation awaiting those who failed to take the step." They were responsible for those who remained unconvinced of the need for Christian conversion. At an intertribal camp meeting in 1842, a Methodist missionary described the exhorter's role. Three Kansa Indians had continually frustrated Thomas Johnson's wife, Sarah, in her attempts to convince them of the need for conversion. However, as the camp meeting wore on, one of their number "fell from where he was sitting . . . trembling under all the horrors of deep and pungent conviction." At this point "brother Fish" of the Rogerstown Shawnees arrived and "pointed him to Christ." Soon thereafter, the Kansa woke from his confused state and remarked that "the good Lord loves me now." Fish had done his job by exhorting the unconverted among them into the church. These early successes allowed the Methodists to expand their operation from their base on the Shawnee reservation to neighboring tribes, including the Kansa.

***

From The Shawnees and Their Neighbors by Stephen Warren, 2008, pp. 128-129:

Some Shawnees profited from the [westward] traffic. Paschal Fish, a Shawnee from Rogerstown, Missouri, ran a ferry on the Kansas River, a blacksmith shop, and a hotel for migrants. Fish, and a handful of others like him, had farms large enough to sell surplus produce and livestock to the travelers. Fish learned early on how to walk the boundary between Shawnee and American worlds. As a young boy he was sent to Richard M. Johnson's Choctaw Academy in Kentucky. As an adult he not only became a Methodist missionary among the Shawnees and Kickapoos, but also an entrepreneur for all occasions. The roads westward provided so many opportunities for Fish that J. J. Lutz, one of Fish's Methodist colleagues, remembered that "P. Fish . . . was particularly fond of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus." Fish's interest in this parable about a sinful man who selfishly accumulates wealth reveals that he worried about the consequences of his role in forging a new economic and political order on the reservation. 26



Birth Notes: Wife - Martha Captain



The 1854 Indian census roll lists Martha, age 40, as the wife of Paschal Fish Jr., placing her birth year as 1813 or 1814.

She may have been born in 1819 in the Shawnee Tribe in the Kansas Territory.


Research Notes: Wife - Martha Captain



Source: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2394013&id=I3292

Was this the Martha listed as Paschal's wife in the 1854 Indian Census? If so, then should was born around 1814 (age 40 in the 1854 census).

A Martha is listed in the 1854 Shawnee census as Paschal Fish's wife (age 40).  Since William Jackson Fish was deceased in 1833, although he was known sometimes as Paschal Sr., the Martha in the 1854 census was not William Jackson's wife Polly.  She was moST likely Martha Captain.


Notes: Marriage



Could have been married in 1852.








Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and Senena verch Caradoc











Husband Gruffydd ap Llywelyn





            AKA: Griffith ap Llewellyn ap Iorwerth
           Born: Abt 1196
     Christened: 
           Died: 1 Mar 1244
         Buried:  - Conway







         Father: Llywelyn the Great Prince of Gwynedd (Abt 1173-1240)
         Mother: Tangwystl verch Llywarch (Abt 1168-      ) 27 28 29








       Marriage: 








Wife Senena verch Caradoc





            AKA: Senana verch Rynarth
           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 







         Father: Caradoc ap Thomas of Anglesey (      -      )
         Mother: 










Children

1  M  Llywelyn II Prince of North Wales





            AKA: Llewelin ap Griffith Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Mawr
           Born: Abt 29 Sep 1252
     Christened: 
           Died: 11 Dec 1282 - Brecon, Brycheiniog [Breconshire] (Brecknockshire), Powys, (Wales)
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Elinor de Montfort (Abt 1252-1282)
           Marr: 13 Oct 1278 - Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, England






2  M  Davydd ap Gruffudd





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 1283
         Buried: 








3  F  Katherine verch Gruffydd ap Llywelyn





            AKA: Katherine verch Griffith ap Llewelyn Ierworth
           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Iorwerth Vychan ap Iorwerth Gam ap Owain (      -      )









Research Notes: Husband - Gruffydd ap Llywelyn



Source: Wikipedia - Llywelyn the Great

Source: Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and its Borders, Vol. XIII, Issued by the Powys-Land Club for the Use of Its Members, London, 1880, p. 121 has "Griffith, base son to Llewelin ap Ierworth, broke his neck to escape out of the Tower of London in the time of King Henry the Third, and was interred at Conway. (Quarterly gu. & or., 4 lions pass. gard. counterchanged.)



Research Notes: Wife - Senena verch Caradoc



Source: Wikipedia - Llywelyn the Great has Senena verch Caradoc.

Source: Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and its Borders, Vol. XIII, Issued by the Powys-Land Club for the Use of Its Members, London, 1880, p. 121, has "Senana, dau. of Rynarth, King of Man. (Gu., three man's legs mailed.)"




Death Notes: Child - Llywelyn II Prince of North Wales



Slain by Adam Fauclon








Lluddoca ap Caradoc Vreichfras Lord of Hereford











Husband Lluddoca ap Caradoc Vreichfras Lord of Hereford





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 




       Marriage: 








Wife 





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  F  Rhiengar verch Lluddoca ap Caradoc Vreichfras





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Ynyr ap Cadforch Lord of Maelors, Oswestry and Whittington (      -      ) 30









Research Notes: Husband - Lluddoca ap Caradoc Vreichfras Lord of Hereford



Source: A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland" by John Burke & John Bernard Burke, vol. I (London, 1847), p. 655








Foulques de Carbon











Husband Foulques de Carbon 31





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 




       Marriage: 








Wife 





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  F  Helvide de Carbon 31





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Geoffroi Vicomte de Château-du-Loire (      -Bef 1058) 31















S. Sgt. Denzil Neal Kirk and Velma Carder











Husband S. Sgt. Denzil Neal Kirk 32 33





           Born: 24 Oct 1937 - Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States
     Christened: 
           Died: 27 Aug 1983 - Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States
         Buried:  - Coal Creek Cemetery, Miami, Ottawa, Oklahoma, United States







         Father: Louis Mathew Kirk (1908-1979) 34 35
         Mother: Ollie Ann Barger (1912-1941) 36








       Marriage: 








Wife Velma Carder (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  F  Rhonda Michelle Kirk (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: < > Cravens (living)






2  M  Randy Keith Kirk (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 








3  M  Mike Kirk (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 








4  F  Julie Kirk (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 











Birth Notes: Husband - S. Sgt. Denzil Neal Kirk



Birthdate from gravestone.


Research Notes: Husband - S. Sgt. Denzil Neal Kirk



Source: Source: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mparker/willcoalcreek%20cem.html
Williams Coal Creek Cemetery Miami, Okalahoma]
Fought in Korea and Vietnam.








William Prater and < > Carew











Husband William Prater 37 38





           Born: Abt 1450 - Water Eaton House, Wiltshire, England
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 







         Father: Williamus Prater (      -      ) 39
         Mother: < > De La Mere (      -      ) 39








       Marriage: 








Wife < > Carew 40











           Born: Abt 1450
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  M  John Prater 41





           Born: Abt 1480 - Eaton Water House, Wiltshire, England
     Christened: 
           Died: 20 Jun 1547 - Inglesham, Wiltshire, England
         Buried:  - Chancel of Inglesham Church, Wiltshire, England



         Spouse: Elene Kingston (1493-1557) 37 42
           Marr: Abt 1505 - Inglesham, Wiltshire, England






2  M  William Prater





           Born: After 1480 - Inglesham, Wiltshire, England
     Christened: 
           Died: Bef 1600 - Bremhill, Wiltshire, England
         Buried: 











Research Notes: Husband - William Prater



From http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844449 :

The name Prater was the Angelican version of the latin word Presbyter. Presbyter, Prater, the Elder, Praetor, Praetorian, it belonged to a class of people of early Roman times who were magistrates, justices, and learned men whose position was usually inherited and passed down in the family.

It is believed that a descendant of this class was attached to the Norman and English crowns and held their power through their connection with the Church.

Our Prater family is believed to have descended from this class of people. The Praters of England held such positions of power throughout the country, both of the Crown and Church.

William was the first born son in his family, thus making him the heir. His father, whose name is still unknown, was a very powerful man, holding eaton Water, Wiltshire, as his "hold". The first of the family to live at Eaton Water was established around the year 1086 or before. The half brother of King William held Eaton Water after 1066, but it was taken from him and given to other "servants of the King". We also know that Hugh de Drews held part of the area. The statement of "the servants of the King" very well could have referred William's ancestors who were titled the Reeve of Powys. As a "Reeve of Powys" this meant that they were the King's representative in Powys, thus the "King's servant".

It is also thought that William had held the Manor of Eaton Water under the "Lordship" of Odo; the half brother of King William. But, Odo betrayed his brother and all of his many estates in England were taken from him and given to many "loyal" servants of the King, many of which held them under Odo. Also note that Reinbald de Prater held the nearby Manor of Latton. Reinbald de Prater (Presbyter) was the first Chancellor of England. George Prater came into possession of Latton Manor in the early 1500's as inheritance. Latton Manor passed from Reinbald de Presbyter (Prater) ca. 1080's, in succession to the Earl of St. German, Cliftons, and Ellis families; then in the early 1500's to George Prater. Latton Manor is located near Eaton Water, Inglesham, and other known Estates held by the Prater family.

We do know that William married a descendant of Brockwell Yscithoer, "The Prince of Powys" for which the 3 silver wolf heads in the Coat-of-Arms indicate. Another female descendant married a Delamare, from which we received "Nunney Castle".



Research Notes: Wife - < > Carew



From  http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844450 :

Carew is a Welsh word meaning "a fortification" or "a fortified house". Gerald "of Windsor" built a Castle in Wales in 1109 which became known as Carew Castle. This was one of his "seats of power", for he held several Castles by the "grace" of the King of England. One of his grandsons, William Fitz Gerald, became the heir of Carew Castle for which his name was then "stylized" as William de Carew. The name Carew then became the name used by his descendants.

Gerald de Windsor was the son of Sir Walter de Winsor and Gladys (the Princess of North Wales). Sir Walter was the son of Sir Otho de Windsor. Gerald never held this title, but was a highly placed official in Wales for the King of England. He was known as the King's "Lord" in Wales. Gerald de Windsor was married to Nesta (the Princess of South Wales). This gave the King of England a unique hold over the Welsh with Gerald being Norman/Welsh descent and the King's "Lord" in Wales.

All these people were our ancestors through the maternal side of our family. George Prater of Latton, Wiltshire, had included in his Coat-of-Arms the symbols of the Carew family indicating that they were from his maternal family, as well as establishing records proving the Prater and Carew connection.

North and South Wales were divided by a Kingdom named "Powys". The Prater Coat-of-Arms also shows that another grandmother of our was the Princess of Powys. The 3 wolves heads on the lower shield are the Arms of Brockwell Yscitheor, "the Prince of Powys"; his daughter married our grandfather. The Kings of Wales claimed to be descended from great noble Romans/Trojans.

Carew Castle stands today. It is currently being restored by the National Trust of England.









Charles Howard and Hon. Catherine Carey











Husband Charles Howard (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 




       Marriage: 








Wife Hon. Catherine Carey (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 







         Father: Henry Carey Lord Hunsdon
         Mother: Anne Morgan










Children

1  M  William Howard Lord Howard (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Anne St. John (living)









Research Notes: Husband - Charles Howard



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html


Research Notes: Wife - Hon. Catherine Carey



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html








Sir John [II] Mordaunt and Elizabeth Carey











Husband Sir John [II] Mordaunt (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 







         Father: John [I] Mordaunt
         Mother: Elizabeth Howard








       Marriage: 








Wife Elizabeth Carey (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  M  Charles Mordaunt 3rd Earl of Peterborough (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Carey Fraser (living)









Research Notes: Husband - Sir John [II] Mordaunt



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html


Research Notes: Wife - Elizabeth Carey



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html








Henry Carey Lord Hunsdon and Anne Morgan











Husband Henry Carey Lord Hunsdon (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 




       Marriage: 








Wife Anne Morgan (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 







         Father: Thomas Morgan
         Mother: Elizabeth Whitney










Children

1  F  Hon. Catherine Carey (details suppressed for this person)





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 



         Spouse: Charles Howard (living)









Research Notes: Husband - Henry Carey Lord Hunsdon



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html


Research Notes: Wife - Anne Morgan



www.whitneygen.org/archives/biography/princewm.html








William Standiford II and Elizabeth Carlisle











Husband William Standiford II 43





           Born: 1708 - Hopewell, Maryland, (United States)
     Christened: 
           Died: 1776
         Buried: 




       Marriage: 16 Jul 1750 - Baltimore Co., Maryland, (United States)








Wife Elizabeth Carlisle 44





           Born: 
     Christened: 
           Died: 
         Buried: 






Children

1  F  Elizabeth Standiford 45





           Born: 1760
     Christened: 
           Died: 1841 - Greencastle, Putnam, Indiana, United States
         Buried:  - Forest Hill, Greencastle, Putnam, Indiana, United States



         Spouse: Rev. Edward Talbott (1764-      ) 46
           Marr: Dec 1783 - <Maryland>, United States














Sources






1. Hancks, Larry K, The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee, A Chronology. (Kansas City, KS, 1998.), Cit. Date: 19 Apr 2009.

2. Morgan, Perl W., ed, History of Wyandotte County Kansas and Its People. (Chicago: Lewis, 1911.).

3. Bowes, John P, Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.), Cit. Date: 2007.

4. Website:, http://www.whatsineudora.com.

5. Wikipedia.org, Eudora, Kansas.

6. Website:, http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/eudora/growth.htm.

7. Cindy Higgins, "Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw" (https://www.eudorakshistory.com/index.htm, 2010), "Delaware and Shawnee Migration," https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee.htm.  Cit. Date: 20 Apr 2020.

8. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID G39K-DF2. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

9. Greene, Don, Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee (lulu.com, 2014, 582 pp.), pp. 114-115.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

10. Don Greene, Alphabetical list of Shawnee Names found in Shawnee Heritage I (the first volume of the series). (http://www.fantasy-epublications.com/shawnee-traditions/Genealogy/Names/NamesList.html), Cit. Date: 28 Sep 2019.

11. Library of Congress and National Endowment for the Humanities, "Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers" (https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/), Baxter Springs news. [volume], February 18, 1893, Image 5 at https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83040592/1893-02-18/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Fish+Paschal&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=Kansas&date2=1894&proxtext=Paschal+Fish&.  Cit. Date: 23 Apr 2020.

12. Website:, http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html.

13. Museum or other archive, Smithsonian Institution archives.

14. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID LVHP-LTQ. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

15. Greene, Don, Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History (lulu.com, 2014, 446 pp.), p. 114.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

16. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kearns_family_2&id=I5812.  Cit. Date: 17 Jun 2011.

17. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID G7WG-ZQX. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

18. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 27 Apr 2020), person ID KZML-GFL. Cit. Date: 27 Apr 2020. 

19. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID 9HLZ-ST6. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

20. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 27 Apr 2020), person ID G39K-H4J. Cit. Date: 27 Apr 2020. 

21. (https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/17.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

22. FamilySearch Historical Files (www.familysearch.org), https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-12153-53084-50?cc=1438024.  Cit. Date: 27 Nov 2011.

23. (https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/18.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

24. (https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/23/rec/1.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

25. (https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/4.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

26. Greene, Don, Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History (lulu.com, 2014, 446 pp.), pp. 114-115.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

27. Wikipedia.org, Llywelyn the Great.  Cit. Date: 9 Aug 2009.

28. Powys-Land Club, Collections Historical & Archæological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and Its Borders. (Vol. 13. London: Thomas Richards, 1880.), p. 121.

29. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 9 Aug 2009.

30. Burke, John, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. (4th ed., Vol. 1. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley: 1832.), p. 655.

31. Website:, http://cybergata.com/roots/1834.htm.  Cit. Date: 29 Jun 2013.

32. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784564&.

33. FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File (www.familysearch.org), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Pedigree Resource File," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:2:SYDD-J53 : accessed 2016-02-12), entry for Denzil Neal /Kirk/.  Cit. Date: 12 Feb 2016.

34. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784638&.

35. FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File (www.familysearch.org), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Pedigree Resource File," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:2:SYDW-HZP : accessed 2016-02-12), entry for Louis Mathew /Kirk/.  Cit. Date: 12 Feb 2016.

36. www.findagrave.com, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784665&.

37. http://www.familysearch.org.

38. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844449.

39. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 22 Aug 2009.

40. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844450.

41. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844445.  Cit. Date: 11 Dec 2007.

42. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844446.  Cit. Date: 11 Dec 2007.

43. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16830.  Cit. Date: 13 Apr 2011.

44. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16831.  Cit. Date: 16 Jan 2000.

45. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16877.  Cit. Date: 13 Apr 2011.

46. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I11288.  Cit. Date: 13 Jul 2011.







Sources






1
Hancks, Larry K, <i>The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee, A Chronology.</i> (Kansas City, KS, 1998.), Cit. Date: 19 Apr 2009.

2
Morgan, Perl W., ed, <i>History of Wyandotte County Kansas and Its People.</i> (Chicago: Lewis, 1911.).

3
Bowes, John P, <i>Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West.</i> (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.), Cit. Date: 2007.

4
Website:, http://www.whatsineudora.com.

5
<i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Eudora, Kansas.

6
Website:, http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/eudora/growth.htm.

7
Cindy Higgins, "Where the Wakarusa Meets the Kaw" (https://www.eudorakshistory.com/index.htm, 2010), "Delaware and Shawnee Migration," https://www.eudorakshistory.com/delaware_shawnee/delaware-and-shawnee.htm.  Cit. Date: 20 Apr 2020.

8
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID G39K-DF2. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

9
Greene, Don, <i>Shawnee Heritage II: Select Lineages of Notable Shawnee</i> (lulu.com, 2014, 582 pp.), pp. 114-115.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

10
Don Greene, <i>Alphabetical list of Shawnee Names found in Shawnee Heritage I (the first volume of the series).</i> (http://www.fantasy-epublications.com/shawnee-traditions/Genealogy/Names/NamesList.html), Cit. Date: 28 Sep 2019.

11
Library of Congress and National Endowment for the Humanities, "Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers" (https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/), Baxter Springs news. [volume], February 18, 1893, Image 5 at https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83040592/1893-02-18/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Fish+Paschal&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=Kansas&date2=1894&proxtext=Paschal+Fish&.  Cit. Date: 23 Apr 2020.

12
Website:, http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Names-7.html.

13
Museum or other archive, Smithsonian Institution archives.

14
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID LVHP-LTQ. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

15
Greene, Don, <i>Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History</i> (lulu.com, 2014, 446 pp.), p. 114.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

16
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kearns_family_2&id=I5812.  Cit. Date: 17 Jun 2011.

17
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID G7WG-ZQX. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

18
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 27 Apr 2020), person ID KZML-GFL. Cit. Date: 27 Apr 2020. 

19
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 24 Apr 2020), person ID 9HLZ-ST6. Cit. Date: 24 Apr 2020. 

20
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "FamilySearch Family Tree," database, <i>FamilySearch</i> (http://www.familysearch.org : accessed 27 Apr 2020), person ID G39K-H4J. Cit. Date: 27 Apr 2020. 

21
(https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/17.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

22
<i>FamilySearch Historical Files</i> (www.familysearch.org), https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-12153-53084-50?cc=1438024.  Cit. Date: 27 Nov 2011.

23
(https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/18.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

24
(https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/23/rec/1.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

25
(https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection), https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/4.  Cit. Date: 30 Sep 2019.

26
Greene, Don, <i>Shawnee Heritage I: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History</i> (lulu.com, 2014, 446 pp.), pp. 114-115.  Cit. Date: 25 Apr 2020.

27
<i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Llywelyn the Great.  Cit. Date: 9 Aug 2009.

28
Powys-Land Club, <i>Collections Historical & Archæological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and Its Borders.</i> (Vol. 13. London: Thomas Richards, 1880.), p. 121.

29
<i>http://www.familysearch.org</i>, Cit. Date: 9 Aug 2009.

30
Burke, John, <i>A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire.</i> (4th ed., Vol. 1. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley: 1832.), p. 655.

31
Website:, http://cybergata.com/roots/1834.htm.  Cit. Date: 29 Jun 2013.

32
<i>www.findagrave.com</i>, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784564&.

33
<i>FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File</i> (www.familysearch.org), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Pedigree Resource File," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:2:SYDD-J53 : accessed 2016-02-12), entry for Denzil Neal /Kirk/.  Cit. Date: 12 Feb 2016.

34
<i>www.findagrave.com</i>, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784638&.

35
<i>FamilySearch Pedigree Resource File</i> (www.familysearch.org), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Pedigree Resource File," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:2:SYDW-HZP : accessed 2016-02-12), entry for Louis Mathew /Kirk/.  Cit. Date: 12 Feb 2016.

36
<i>www.findagrave.com</i>, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=kirk&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSst=38&GScnty=2185&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=39784665&.

37
<i>http://www.familysearch.org</i>.

38
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844449.

39
<i>http://www.familysearch.org</i>, Cit. Date: 22 Aug 2009.

40
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844450.

41
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844445.  Cit. Date: 11 Dec 2007.

42
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3143362&id=I631844446.  Cit. Date: 11 Dec 2007.

43
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16830.  Cit. Date: 13 Apr 2011.

44
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16831.  Cit. Date: 16 Jan 2000.

45
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I16877.  Cit. Date: 13 Apr 2011.

46
<i>http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi</i>.  Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=rwl-1966_yak&id=I11288.  Cit. Date: 13 Jul 2011.







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