The Johnson-Wallace & Fish-Kirk Families

These pages represent the work of an amateur researcher and should not be used as the sole source by any other researcher. Few primary sources have been available. Corrections and contributions are encouraged and welcomed. -- Karen (Johnson) Fish

The Johnson-Wallace & Fish-Kirk Families

Freothalaf [Mythological]

Husband Freothalaf [Mythological] ¹
 Born: Abt 160 - <Asgard or Asia or East Europe>
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 Father: Finn [Mythological] (Abt 0130-      ) ²
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1 M Frithuwald [Mythological] ¹
 AKA: Bor
 Born: Abt 190 - <Asgard or Asia or East Europe>
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 Spouse: Beltsa [Mythological] (Abt 0194-      ) ³
Odin [Mythological] and Freya [Mythological]

Husband Odin [Mythological] ⁴ ⁵
 AKA: Woden, Wotan, Woutan
 Born: Abt 215 - <Asgard or Asia or East Europe>
 Christened: 
 Died: 
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 Father: Frithuwald [Mythological] (Abt 0190-      ) ¹
 Mother: Beltsa [Mythological] (Abt 0194-      ) ³
 Marriage: 
Wife Freya [Mythological] ⁶ ⁷
 AKA: Frea, Freia, Freyja, Friege
 Born: Abt 219 - <Asgard or Asia or East Europe>
 Christened: 
 Died: 
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Children
1 M Skjöldr King of Denmark [Legendary] ⁸ ⁹
 AKA: Skioldus, Skjold King of the Danes
 Born: Abt 237 - <Hleithra, Denmark>
 Christened: 
 Died: 
 Buried: 
 Spouse: Gefion (      -      ) ¹⁰
Research Notes: Husband - Odin [Mythological]

The Norse god Odin.

From Wikipedia - Odin :

Odin (pronounced /'o?d?n/ from Old Norse Óðinn), is considered the chief god in Norse paganism . Homologous with the Anglo-Saxon Woden and the Old High German Wotan , it is descended from Proto-Germanic *Wodinaz or *W. The name Odin is generally accepted as the modern translation; although, in some cases, older translations of his name may be used or preferred. His name is related to oðr , meaning "fury, excitation", besides "mind", or "poetry". His role, like many of the Norse gods, is complex. He is associated with wisdom , war , battle, and death, and also magic , poetry , prophecy , victory, and the hunt.

Origins
Worship of Odin may date to Proto-Germanic paganism . The Roman historian Tacitus may refer to Odin when he talks of Mercury . The reason is that, like Mercury, Odin was regarded as Psychopompos ,"the leader of souls."

As Odin is closely connected with a horse and spear, and transformation/shape shifting into animal shapes, an alternative theory of origin contends that Odin, or at least some of his key characteristics, may have arisen just prior to the sixth century as a nightmareish horse god (Echwaz), later signified by the eight-legged Sleipnir . Some support for Odin as a late comer to the Scandinavian Norse pantheon can be found in the Sagas where, for example, at one time he is thrown out of Asgard by the other gods - a seemingly unlikely tale for a well established "all father". Scholars who have linked Odin with the "Death God" template include E. A. Ebbinghaus , Jan de Vries and Thor Templin . The later two also link Loki and Odin as being one-and-the-same until the early Norse Period. Odin only has one eye.

Scandinavian Óðinn emerged from Proto-Norse *W during the Migration period , artwork of this time (on gold bracteates ) depicting the earliest scenes that can be aligned with the High Medieval Norse mythological texts. The context of the new elites emerging in this period aligns with Snorri 's tale of the indigenous Vanir who were eventually replaced by the Æsir , intruders from the Continent.[1]

Parallels between Odin and Celtic Lugus have often been pointed out: both are intellectual gods, commanding magic and poetry. Both have ravens and a spear as their attributes, and both are one-eyed. Julius Caesar (de bello Gallico, 6.17.1) mentions Mercury as the chief god of Celtic religion . A likely context of the diffusion of elements of Celtic ritual into Germanic culture is that of the Chatti , who lived at the Celtic-Germanic boundary in Hesse during the final centuries before the Common Era. (It must be remembered that Odin in his Proto-Germanic form was not the chief god, but that he only gradually replaced Týr during the Migration period .)

Prose Edda

Odin had three residences in Asgard. First was Gladsheim , a vast hall where he presided over the twelve Diar or Judges, whom he had appointed to regulate the affairs of Asgard. Second, Valaskjálf , built of solid silver , in which there was an elevated place, Hlidskjalf , from his throne on which he could perceive all that passed throughout the whole earth. Third was Valhalla (the hall of the fallen), where Odin received the souls of the warriors killed in battle, called the Einherjar . The souls of women warriors, and those strong and beautiful women whom Odin favored, became Valkyries , who gather the souls of warriors fallen in battle (the Einherjar ), as these would be needed to fight for him in the battle of Ragnarök . They took the souls of the warriors to Valhalla. Valhalla has five hundred and forty gates, and a vast hall of gold , hung around with golden shields, and spears and coats of mail.

Odin has a number of magical artifacts associated with him: the spear Gungnir , which never misses its target; a magical gold ring (Draupnir ), from which every ninth night eight new rings appear; and two ravens Huginn and Muninn (Thought and Memory ), who fly around Earth daily and report the happenings of the world to Odin in Valhalla at night. He also owned Sleipnir , an octopedal horse , who was given to Odin by Loki , and the severed head of Mímir , which foretold the future. He also commands a pair of wolves named Geri and Freki , to whom he gives his food in Valhalla since he consumes nothing but mead or wine. From his throne, Hlidskjalf (located in Valaskjalf ), Odin could see everything that occurred in the universe . The Valknut (slain warrior's knot) is a symbol associated with Odin. It consists of three interlaced triangles.

Odin is an ambivalent deity. Old Norse (Viking Age ) connotations of Odin lie with "poetry, inspiration" as well as with "fury, madness and the wanderer." Odin sacrificed his eye (which eye he sacrificed is unclear) at Mímir 's spring in order to gain the Wisdom of Ages. Odin gives to worthy poets the mead of inspiration, made by the dwarfs, from the vessel Óð-rœrir.[2]

Odin is associated with the concept of the Wild Hunt , a noisy, bellowing movement across the sky, leading a host of slain warriors.

Consistent with this, Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda depicts Odin as welcoming the great, dead warriors who have died in battle into his hall, Valhalla , which, when literally interpreted, signifies the hall of the slain. The fallen, the einherjar , are assembled and entertained by Odin in order that they in return might fight for, and support, the gods in the final battle of the end of Earth, Ragnarök . Snorri also wrote that Freyja receives half of the fallen in her hall Folkvang .

He is also a god of war, appearing throughout Norse myth as the bringer of victory.[citations needed ] In the Norse sagas , Odin sometimes acts as the instigator of wars, and is said to have been able to start wars by simply throwing down his spear Gungnir , and/or sending his valkyries , to influence the battle toward the end that he desires. The Valkyries are Odin's beautiful battle maidens that went out to the fields of war to select and collect the worthy men who died in battle to come and sit at Odin's table in Valhalla, feasting and battling until they had to fight in the final battle, Ragnarök . Odin would also appear on the battle-field, sitting upon his eight-legged horse Sleipnir , with his two ravens, one on each shoulder, Hugin (Thought) and Munin (Memory) , and two wolves (Geri and Freki ) on each side of him.

Odin is also associated with trickery, cunning , and deception. Most sagas have tales of Odin using his cunning to overcome adversaries and achieve his goals, such as swindling the blood of Kvasir from the dwarves .

Research Notes: Wife - Freya [Mythological]

Mythological wife of Odin.

From Wikipedia - Freyja :

Freyja (sometimes anglicized as Freya), cognate to Sanskrit Priya , is a major goddess in Norse Paganism , a subset of Germanic Paganism . Because the documented source of this religious tradition, the Norse Mythology , was transmitted and altered by Christian medieval historians,[1][2][3] the actual role, heathen practices and worship of the goddess are uncertain.

In the Eddas , Freya is portrayed as a goddess of love [4], beauty [4], and fertility [4]. Blonde,[5] blue-eyed,[6] and beautiful,[4] Freyja is described as the fairest of all goddesses,[7] and people prayed to her for happiness in love.[8] She was also called on to assist childbirths[9] and prayed to for good seasons.[10]

Freyja was also associated with war , battle , death , magic , prophecy , and wealth . She is cited as receiving half of the dead lost in battle in her hall Fólkvangr , whereas Odin would receive the other half at Valhalla .[11] The origin of Seid was ascribed to Freyja.[12][13]

Frigg and Freyja are the two principal goddesses in Norse religion,[14] and described as the highest amongst the Asynjur .[15] Freyja is the goddess most honoured after or along with Frigg, and her worship seems to have been even the more prevalent and important of the two.[16] In the Droplaugarsona Saga , it is described that in a temple at Ölvusvatn, Iceland , statues of Frigg and Freyja have been seated upon higher thrones opposite those of Thor and Freyr. These statues were arrayed in drapery and ornaments of gold and silver.

In Heimskringla , Freyja is also presented as a mythological Princess of Sweden . Her father Njörðr is seen as the second mythological King of Sweden , and her brother Freyr is the third. Freyr and Freyja's mother is Njörðr's sister (who has been often linked to the ancient Germanic goddess Nerthus [17]), as it is a custom of the Vanir and allowed by their laws.[12]
Further in Heimskringla, it is written that many temples and statues of native pagan gods and goddesses were raided and destroyed by Olaf Tryggvason and Saint Olaf during the gradual and violent process of the Christianization of Scandinavia . During and after the extent that the process of Christianization was complete, Freyja and many things associated with her were demonized [18] by the growing influence of Christian missionaries. After Christian influence was cemented in law, traces of belief went increasingly underground into mainly rural areas, surviving into modern times in Germanic folklore and most recently reconstructed to varying degrees in Germanic neopaganism .

Etymology
The names Freyr and Freyja come from Germanic words meaning "the Lord" and "the Lady" respectively (Germanic cognates include Gothic Fráuja "lord, master", Fráujo "lady, mistress", Old Norse Frú "mistress, lady, woman", Danish Frue, Swedish Fru, German Frau "miss, woman, wife", Old High German Frouwa, Dutch Vrouw "woman", Frisian Frou "woman", Anglo-Saxon Freo, Frea).[16] Like the French word "Dame" (from Latin "domina"), whose masculine form (Latin "dominus") had perished, the meaning of "Lord" is also no longer in use, while the title "Frau" still survives today in many Germanic languages.

Appearances in Myths
Freyja appears in many myths recorded in the Prose Edda.

Divine twins born after the war of the gods: The war between the Æsir and the Vanir was ignited by the ill treatments of the Æsir to Gullveig, as written in Völuspá . The war ended in a peace treaty, and both sides exchanged hostages. Njörðr was chosen by the Vanir, and sent from Vanaheim to Asgard where he later begot two fair children, as written in Gylfaginning (23 & 24):

The feast of the Æsir : When Ægir came to Asgard, the Æsir invited him in to their banquet. Many gods and goddesses are mentioned here: "And in the high-seats sat them down those twelve Æsir who were appointed to be judges; these were their names: Thor , Njörðr, Freyr, Týr , Heimdallr, Bragi , Vidar , Váli , Ullr , Hœnir , Forseti , Loki; and in like manner the Asynjur: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun , Iðunn , Gerd , Sigyn , Fulla, Nanna ... The man seated next to Ægir was Bragi, and they took part together in drinking and in converse: Bragi told Ægir of many things which had come to pass among the Æsir." (Skáldskaparmál (1))

The robbery of Brísingamen : The skaldic poem Húsdrápa partially preserved in Skáldskaparmál relates the story of the theft of Brísingamen by Loki: "One day when Freyja wakes up and finds Brísingamen missing, she enlists the help of Heimdallr to help her search for it. Eventually they find the thief, who turns out to be Loki who has transformed himself into a seal. Heimdallr turns into a seal as well and fights Loki. After a lengthy battle at Singasteinn , Heimdallr wins and returns Brísingamen to Freyja." The rivalry of Loki and Heimdallr for Brísingamen is an important event, as they are destined to fight again and slay each other at the end of Ragnarök . Snorri quoted this poem, saying that because of that legend, Heimdallr is called "Seeker of Brísingamen" and Loki is called "Thief of Brísingamen": "How should one periphrase Heimdallr ? By calling him Son of Nine Mothers, or Watchman of the Gods [...] or White God, Foe of Loki, Seeker of Freyja's Necklace [...] Heimdallr is the Possessor of Gulltoppr; he is also Frequenter of Vágasker and Singasteinn, where he contended with Loki for the Necklace Brísingamen, he is also called Vindlér." (Skáldskaparmál (8)) "How should one periphrase Loki ? [...] Thief of the Giants, of the Goat, of Brísingamen, and of Iðunn's Apples, Kinsman of Sleipnir, Husband of Sigyn, Foe of the Gods, Harmer of Sif's Hair, Forger of Evil, the Sly God." (Skáldskaparmál (16))

This myth, which takes place at the sea, is maybe related to the origin of Freyja's name "Mardöll" (Sea-Bright), the bright here is maybe the glittering of the stolen Brísingamen (brísinga means "glittering, twinkling, flaming"). In Heimdallr 's name, the word dallr (light) is masculine of döll, and heim means "earth" or "land" (cf. Vanaheim , Alfheim ). This is maybe one of the lost tales of Freyja's journey in search for her husband (as Snorri wrote: "She has a great variety of names, for having gone over many countries in search of Óðr , each people gave her a different name".)[21] In Gesta Danorum is another story of a beautiful woman named Sýr (Latinized as Syritha) seeking for Óðr/Óttar (Latinized as Otharus).[16][21]

The owner of Svadilfari : This giant came to offer to build a citidel for the gods in three seasons. He demanded to marry fair Freyja, also the sun and the moon as his rewards. Following Loki's ill advice, the gods accepted the deal, but they later urged Loki to deceive the giant to protect Freyja. Loki turned into a mare and seduced Svadilfari, the huge steed of the giant. Without his horse, the giant could not complete his job, he was enraged, insulted the gods, and eventually got slain by Thor before the deal was completed. Loki's prank ultimately backfired on him, and he bore the son of the horse Svadilfari, Sleipnir . (Gylfaginning (42))

The abduction of Iðunn : The giant Thjazi captured Loki and forced him to lure Iðunn out to kidnap her along with the golden apples. Without the apples of youth, the gods grew old and they soon found out that Iðunn was missing. She was last seen going with Loki, so they cornered the giant and threathened to slay him. Loki had to borrow the hawk's plumage of Freyja to go and free Iðunn. Thjazi chased after them in eagle form, but he was roasted by the gods' fire. Thjazi is father of Skaði , who later became Freyr and Freyja's stepmother. Skaði's march to Asgard for vengeance ended in a marriage with Njörðr. (Skáldskaparmál (1))

Thor 's duel: After his race with Odin, which he lost, the champion of the giants, Hrungnir , came to Asgard. Thor is absent, so he boasted that he would destroy Valhalla , slay all the gods, and take Freyja and Sif home with him. Of all goddesses, Freyja alone was brave enough to stand and pour ale for the giant to waste time while Thor is summoned. The god of thunder, with the help of his clever servant Þjálfi , later slew Hrungnir in a duel, but Thor himself was struck by the giant's horn and also wounded. This is one of the reasons why the Hill Giants are amongst the gods' enemies at the final battle. (Skáldskaparmál (17))

Baldur 's funeral: Baldur, the best of the Æsir, can not be harmed by anything. Loki turned himself into a woman to trick Frigg into revealing that Baldur can only be hurt by the mistletoes. Loki then tricked the blind god Hödr to shoot his brother with a mistletoe twig, thus Baldur was murdered by the evil giant Loki's trickery. "People of many races visited this burning. First is to be told of Odin, how Frigg and the Valkyries went with him, and his ravens; but Freyr drove in his chariot with the boar called Gold-Mane, or Fearful-Tusk, and Heimdallr rode the horse called Gold-Top, and Freyja drove in her chariot drawn by cats..." (Gylfaginning (49))

Homologues
It has been proposed that Freyja may be the most direct mythological descendant from Nerthus .[17] Nerthus, a goddess associated with a number of Germanic tribes as described by Tacitus in the 1 AD in his work Germania , is sometimes identified with Njörðr through etymological connections. The first name is the exact older linguistical stage of the latter. Njörðr married his sister; they have a son, Freyr, and a daughter, Freyja. This secondary pair of deities may be an "emanation" of the first.[54] Like Freyja's chariot, the early Germanic goddess Nerthus was also often described as riding a wagon.

Britt-Mari Näsström posits in her "Freyja: the Great Goddess of the North" that there is a tenable connection from Freyja to other goddesses worshiped along the migration path of the Indo-Europeans who consistently appeared with either one or two cats/lions as companions, usually in the war goddess aspect but occasionally also as a love goddess. These would include: Durga , Ereshkegal , Sekhmet , Menhit , Bast , Anat , Asherah , Nana , Cybele , Rhea , and others.[55]

Frithugar

Husband Frithugar ¹¹
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1 M Frowin Governor of Schleswig [Legendary] ¹¹
 AKA: Freawine Governor of Schleswig [Legendary]
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Frosti King in Finland

Husband Frosti King in Finland ¹² ¹³
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1 F Skjálf Frostadotter ¹² ¹³
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 Spouse: Agne Dagsson King in Sweden [Mythological] (      -      ) ¹² ¹³
Frosti

Husband Frosti ¹⁴
 Born: Abt 402 - <Finland>
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1 F Skjalf Frostasson ¹⁵
 Born: Abt 428 - Finland
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 Spouse: Agni Dagsson (Abt 0424-      ) ¹⁶
Frowin Governor of Schleswig [Legendary]

Husband Frowin Governor of Schleswig [Legendary] ¹¹
 AKA: Freawine Governor of Schleswig [Legendary]
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 Father: Frithugar (      -      ) ¹¹
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1 M Wig [Legendary] ¹⁷ ¹⁸
 Born: Abt 369
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Research Notes: Husband - Frowin Governor of Schleswig [Legendary]

From Wikipedia - Freawine :

Freawine, Frowin or Frowinus figures as a governor of Schleswig in Gesta Danorum and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as an ancestor of the kings of Wessex , but the latter source only tells that he was the son of Frithugar and the father of Wig .

In the Gesta Danorum , Frowin was the father-in-law of Offa of Angel (presented as a prince and later king of Denmark), whose father king Wermund liked both Frowin and his sons Ket and Wig.

Frowin was challenged to combat by the Swedish king Athisl , and killed. He would later be avenged by his two sons Ket and Wig. However, the two sons fought against Athisl two against one, a national disgrace that was redeemed by their brother-in-law Offa, when he killed two Saxons at the same time, in "single combat". This event is referred to in Widsith as a duel against Myrgings .

Fulk de Carbonia

Husband Fulk de Carbonia ¹⁹
 Born: Abt 1025 - Carbonia, Sardinia, Italy
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1 F Helvise de Carbonia ²⁰
 Born: Abt 1050 - Carbonia, Sardinia, Italy
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 Spouse: Geoffrey de Mortaigne (1045-1100) ²¹
 Marr: Abt 1069 - Mortagne, Orne, France
Fulk Count of Provence

Husband Fulk Count of Provence ²²
 AKA: Bertrand Count of Provence
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1 F Gerberga of Provence, Countess of Arles ²² ²³
 Born: Abt 1057 - <Provence>, France
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 Spouse: Gilbert Count of Gevaudan (Abt 1055-After 1107) ²² ²³
Fulk III "the Black" of Maine, Count of Anjou and Hildegarde

Husband Fulk III "the Black" of Maine, Count of Anjou ²⁴
 AKA: Fulk III Nerra
 Born: 21 Jul 987
 Christened: 
 Died: 21 Jun 1040
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 Father: Geoffroi Comté d'Anjou (Abt 0938-0987) ²⁵ ²⁶
 Mother: Adelaide of Vermandois (0950-0975/0978) ²⁷
 Marriage: After 1000
Wife Hildegarde ²⁸
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 Died: 1 Apr 1040 - Jerusalem, Palestine
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1 F Ermengarde of Anjou ²⁹
 Born: Abt 1018 - <Anjou, France>
 Christened: 
 Died: 21 Mar 1076
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 Spouse: Aubri-Geoffrey Count of the Gâtinais (Abt 1013-1046) ³⁰ ³¹
 Marr: Abt 1035
Research Notes: Wife - Hildegarde

Second wife of Fulk III

Fulk IV "le Réchin" Count of Anjou and Hildegarde of Baugency

Husband Fulk IV "le Réchin" Count of Anjou ³² ³³ ³⁴
 Born: 1043 - Anjou, (France)
 Christened: 
 Died: 14 Apr 1109
 Buried: 
 Father: Aubri-Geoffrey Count of the Gâtinais (Abt 1013-1046) ³⁰ ³¹
 Mother: Ermengarde of Anjou (Abt 1018-1076) ²⁹
 Marriage: 
 Other Spouse: Bertrade de Montfort (Abt 1070-1117) ³⁵ - 1089
Events
• Count of Anjou: 1068-1109.

Wife Hildegarde of Baugency ³⁶
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 Died: Bef 1070
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Research Notes: Husband - Fulk IV "le Réchin" Count of Anjou

From http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871918 :

Count of Anjou and chronicler. Having inhereted the right to Touraine and Chateau-Landon, half of the Angevin inheritance, from his uncle, Geoffrey Martel I, Fulk went to war against his brother Geoffrey, captured and imprisoned him in 1066 and took Anjou and Saintonge, Geoffrey's half of the inheritance, into his domains. The Chronicle of the Counts of Anjou tells that his wife eloped with Philip I of France (RIN # 1332) in 1107. Fulk himself was the initiator of this work in the 1090's, chronicling his forbearers. (This reference is not to his first wife Hildegard, RIN #1763)
!The Plantagenet Chronicles: 20,30,33-7

---
From Wikipedia - Fulk IV, Count of Anjou :

Fulk IV (1043-1109), called le Réchin, was the Count of Anjou from 1068 until his death. The nickname by which he is usually referred has no certain translation. Philologists have made numerous very different suggestions, including "quarreler", "sullen", and "heroic".

Biography
He was the younger son of Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais (sometimes known as Aubri), and Ermengarde of Anjou , a daughter of Fulk the Black , count of Anjou, and sister of Geoffrey Martel , also count of Anjou.

When Geoffrey Martel died without direct heirs he left Anjou to his nephew Geoffrey III of Anjou , Fulk le Réchin's older brother.

Fulk fought with his brother, whose rule was deemed incompetent, and captured him in 1067. Under pressure from the Church he released Geoffrey. The two brothers soon fell to fighting again, and the next year Geoffrey was again imprisoned by Fulk, this time for good.

Substantial territory was lost to Angevin control due to the difficulties resulting from Geoffrey's poor rule and the subsequent civil war. Saintonge was lost, and Fulk had to give the Gâtinais to Philip I of France to placate the king.

Much of Fulk's rule was devoted to regaining control over the Angevin baronage, and to a complex struggle with Normandy for influence in Maine and Brittany .

In 1096 Fulk wrote an incomplete history of Anjou and its rulers titled Fragmentum historiae Andegavensis or "History of Anjou", though the authorship and authenticity of this work is disputed. Only the first part of the history, describing Fulk's ancestry, is extant. The second part, supposedly describing Fulk's own rule, has not been recovered. If he did write it, it is one of the first medieval works of history written by a layman.[1]

Fulk may have married as many as five times; there is some doubt regarding two of the marriages.
His first wife was Hildegarde of Baugency . After her death, before 1070, he married Ermengarde de Borbon , and then possibly Orengarde de Châtellailon . Both these were repudiated (Ermengarde de Borbon in 1075 and Orengarde de Chatellailon in 1080), possibly on grounds of consanguinity.

By 1080 he may have married Mantie , daughter of Walter I of Brienne . This marriage also ended in divorce, in 1087. Finally, he married Bertrade de Montfort , who was apparently "abducted" by King Philip I of France in 1092.

He had two sons. The eldest (a son of Ermengarde de Borbon), Geoffrey IV Martel , ruled jointly with him for some time, but died in 1106. The younger (a son of Bertrade de Montfort) succeeded him as Fulk V .

He also had a daughter by Hildegarde of Baugency, Ermengarde , who married firstly with William IX , count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine and secondly with Alan IV, Duke of Brittany .

Sources

1. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f54/a0025408.htm.
2. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f54/a0025413.htm.
3. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f54/a0025409.htm.
4. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f53/a0025396.htm.
5. Wikipedia.org, Odin.
6. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f53/a0025397.htm.
7. Wikipedia.org, Freyja.
8. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f53/a0025398.htm.
9. Wikipedia.org, Skjöldr.
10. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f54/a0025406.htm.
11. Wikipedia.org, Freawine.
12. Wikipedia.org, Agne. Cit. Date: 19 Jul 2009.
13. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 19 Jul 2009.
14. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f50/a0025069.htm.
15. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f50/a0025065.htm.
16. Website - Genealogy, http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f50/a0025064.htm.
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18. Wikipedia.org, Ket and Wig.
19. http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #890542.
20. http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #890540 Maitland Dirk Brower.
21. http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #875061 Maitland Dirk Brower.
22. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 111-26 (Petronilla of Aragon).
23. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 8 Aug 2009.
24. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-21.
25. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-20 (Adelaide de Vermandois).
26. Website:, http://cybergata.com/roots/4316.htm. Cit. Date: 29 Jun 2013.
27. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-20, 121-20.
28. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-21 (Fulk III).
29. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-22.
30. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-22 (Ermengarde of Anjou).
31. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871922.
32. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-23.
33. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871918.
34. Wikipedia.org, Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
35. Wikipedia.org, Bertrade de Montfort. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
36. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 119-23 (Fulk IV).

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17 http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593879796.

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19 http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #890542.

20 http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #890540 Maitland Dirk Brower.

21 http://www.familysearch.org, Compact Disc #125 Pin #875061 Maitland Dirk Brower.

22 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 111-26 (Petronilla of Aragon).

23 http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 8 Aug 2009.

24 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-21.

25 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-20 (Adelaide de Vermandois).

26 Website:, http://cybergata.com/roots/4316.htm. Cit. Date: 29 Jun 2013.

27 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-20, 121-20.

28 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-21 (Fulk III).

29 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-22.

30 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-22 (Ermengarde of Anjou).

31 http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871922.

32 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 118-23.

33 http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871918.

34 Wikipedia.org, Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.

35 Wikipedia.org, Bertrade de Montfort. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.

36 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 119-23 (Fulk IV).

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