Husband Alfonso IX King of Léon 1 2 3
AKA: Alfonso IX Fernandez King of Leon
Born: 15 Aug 1171 - Zamora, Léon, Spain
Christened:
Died: 24 Sep 1230 - Villanueva de Sarria, Lugo, Spain
Buried:
Father: Fernando II King of Léon (1137-1188) 2 4 5
Mother: Urraca of Portugal (Abt 1150-1188) 2 6 7
Marriage: 1197 - (Annulled in 1204)
Events
• King of Léon: 1188-1230.
• King of Galicia: 1188-1230.
Wife Berengaria of Castile 8 9 10
AKA: Berenguela of Castile, Berenguela Queen of Castile
Born: 1180 - <Burgos, Castile>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 8 Nov 1246 - Burgos, Castile, Spain
Buried:
Events
• Queen of Castile: 1217.
Children
1 F Berenguela Princess of Leon and Castile 2
AKA: Berengaria of Leon
Born: Abt 1199 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 12 Apr 1237
Buried:
Spouse: Jean de Brienne King of Jerusalem (Abt 1195-1237) 2 11
2 M Fernando III of Castile King of Castile and Leon 12
AKA: Saint Ferdinand, San Fernando, Fernando III "el Santo" of Castile
Born: 5 Aug 1199 - Monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, Zamora), (Spain)
Christened:
Died: 30 May 1252 - Seville, Spain
Buried:
Spouse: Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203-1235) 13
Marr: Nov 1219 - Royal Monastery of San Zoilo, Carrión de los Condes (Palencia), Spain
Spouse: Jeanne de Dammartin (Abt 1220-1279) 14 15
Marr: Oct 1237 - Burgos, Castile, Spain
3 M Alfonso de Molina 16
AKA: Alfonso of Léon
Born: 1203
Christened:
Died: 1272
Buried:
Birth Notes: Husband - Alfonso IX King of Léon
Ancestral Roots has b. 1171 and b. 1166.
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso IX King of Léon
Second husband of Berenguela of Castile. Ancestral Roots has d. 1246 and d. 1244.
Widow of Konrad II of Swabia. Ancestral Roots has b. 1039
Second husband of Constance of Burgundy. Wikipedia has d. 1093
Second wife of Alfonso VI. Ancestral Roots has b. 1039
Second husband of Constance of Burgundy. Events
• King of Galicia: 1111-1157, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.
• King of León and Castile: 10 Mar 1126-21 Aug 1157.
• Emperor of All the Spains: 1135-1157, Cathedral of Léon.
FamilySearch has d. in La Fresneda, Teruel, Aragon. Wikipedia (?) has Sierra Morena. Second husband of Berenguela of Barcelona. FamilySearch has d. 2 Feb 1148/1149
Events
• King of Castile: 1158-1214.
From Wikipedia - Alfonso VIII of Castile : Ancestral Roots has b. 1162 and b. 1161
From Wikipedia - Eleanor of England (1162-1214) : Ancestral Roots has m. 1177.
Ancestral Roots 113-28 has d. 27 Nov. 1252
From Wikipedia - Alfonso X of Castile : Events
• Queen consort of Castile and León: 1252-1284.
From Wikipedia - Alfonso X of Castile : From Wikipedia - Violant of Aragon : Wikipedia (Alfonso XI of Castile)
Buried in the Chapel of the Kings.
From Wikipedia - Maria of Portugal : Events
• King of England: 871-899.
King of England 871-899. Ancestral Roots has d. 7 June 929 and d. 9 June 929
FamilySearch has b. abt. 869, Wessex
1. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 120-28 (Berengaria of Castile).
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11. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 144-28, 120-29 (Berengaria of Leon).
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17. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-23 (Constance of Burgundy).
18. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso VI of León and Castile.
19. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 112-24 (Henry I).
20. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-23.
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22. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 108-22, 113-22.
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24. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 108-22 (Robert the Old), 113-22 (Robert the Old).
25. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-24.
26. Wikipedia.org, Urraca of León and Castile.
27. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 132-25, 113-24 (Urraca I).
28. Wikipedia.org, Raymond of Burgundy.
29. Wikipedia.org, Henry, Count of Portugal.
30. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 112-24.
31. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-25, 114-25.
32. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso VII of León and Castile.
33. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-25 (Alfonso VII).
34. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-25 (Alfonso VII), 111-26 (Petronilla of Aragon).
35. Wikipedia.org, Sancho III of Castile.
36. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-26.
37. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113A-26, 113-26 (Sancho III).
38. Wikipedia.org, Blanca Garcés of Navarre.
39. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-27.
40. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso VIII of Castile.
41. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 110-27, 113-27 (Alfonso VIII).
42. Wikipedia.org, Eleanor of England.
43. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-28, 101-27 (Louis VIII).
44. Wikipedia.org, Blanche of Castile.
45. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 101-27.
46. Wikipedia.org, Louis VIII of France.
47. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso X of Castile. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
48. Wikipedia.org, Violant of Aragon. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
49. Wikipedia.org, Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303).
50. Wikipedia.org, Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303). Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
51. Wikipedia.org, James I of Aragon. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
52. Wikipedia.org, Violant of Hungary. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
53. Wikipedia.org, Sancho IV of Castile. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
54. Wikipedia.org, María de Molina. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
55. Website:, http://wiki.whitneygen.org/wrg/index.php/.
56. Wikipedia.org, Maria of Portugal. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
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58. Wikipedia.org, Peter of Castile. Cit. Date: 24 Sep 2009.
59. Wikipedia.org, Peter of Castile.
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61. Wikipedia.org, Alfred the Great.
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64. Wikipedia.org, Æthelwulf of Wessex.
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From Wikipedia - Alfonso IX of León :
Alfonso IX (15 August 1171 - 23 September or 24, 1230), was king of León and Galicia , from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death. According to Ibn Khaldun , he is said to have been called the Baboso or Slobberer because he was subject to fits of rage during which he foamed at the mouth.
Alfonso was the only son of King Ferdinand II of León and Urraca of Portugal . He took a part in the work of the reconquest , conquering the whole of Extremadura (including the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz ). He was also the most modern king of his time, founding the University of Salamanca in 1212 and summoning in 1188 the first parliament with representation of the citizenry ever seen in Western Europe, the Cortes of León .
In spite of all the above - some of whose significance became evident only later - this king is often remembered mainly for the difficulties into which his successive marriages led him with the Pope . He was first married in 1191 to his cousin Teresa of Portugal , who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young.
The marriage was declared null by the Pope; however, Alfonso paid no attention until he was presumably tired of his wife. His next step was to marry his second cousin, Berenguela of Castile , in 1197. For this act of contumacy, the king and the kingdom were placed under interdict .
The Pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that, if the people could not obtain the services of religion, they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. Berenguela left him after the birth of five children, and the king then returned to Teresa, to whose daughters he left his kingdom in his will.
Children
Alfonso's children by Teresa of Portugal were:
His eldest daughter, Sancha, was engaged to her cousin King Henry I of Castile , but Henry died in 1217 before the marriage could be solemnized. Once the would be inheritor from his first marriage, named Fernando (de Leon y Portugal)who died in 1214, he apparently wanted to disinherit the eldest son from his second marriage, but born around the year 1200, also named Fernando (de Leon y Castilla) , King Alfonso IX invited the quite mature former King Consort of Jerusalem John of Brienne to marry his daughter Sancha and thus inherit the Leonese throne through her.
However, his former second wife, ruling Queen Berenguela of Castile convinced John of Brienne to marry one of her daughters, some 10 years younger than Sancha, instead, named Berenguela of Leon , on account of her father the King of Leon and of her mother divorced Queen Bereguela of Castile .
Though unmarried and pious spinster Sancha was the nominal heiress of Leon-Galicia on her father's death in 1230, Sancha was easily set aside by negotiations, including a good single woman dowry between the former first wife and the former second wife, both divorced from the leonese. Sancha became a nun at Cozollos , where she died in 1270; she was later beatified. Her sister Dulce-Aldonza spent her life with her Consort Queen of Leon mother in Portugal.
Alfonso's children by Berenguela of Castile were:
Alfonso, father of 3 from his first void marriage and father of another 5 from his second void marriage, also fathered many illegitimate children, some 23 known (3 + 5 + perhaps 15 out of married life, all documented) :
Alfonso's children by Aldonza Martínez da Silva (daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva & Urraca Rodrigues and subsequently wife with issue of Diego Froilaz, Conde de Cifuentes, had issue):
Alfonso's child by Inés Iñíguez de Mendoza (ca. 1180-) (daughter of Lope Iñiguez de Mendoza, 1st Lord of Mendoza (ca. 1140-1189) and wife Teresa Ximénez de los Cameros (ca. 1150-)):
Alfonso's child by Estefánia Pérez de Limia , daughter of Pedro Arias de Limia and wife, subsequently wife of Rodrigo Suárez, Merino mayor of Galicia , had issue):
Alfonso's children by Maua, of unknown origin:
Alfonso's children by Dona Teresa Gil de Soverosa (ca. 1170-) (daughter of Dom Gil Vasques de Soverosa & first wife Maria Aires de Fornelos):
Alfonso's other illegitimate child, mother unknown:
Alfonso VIII of León was the first King in Western Europe who summoned the citizens to the Parliament (León's Cortes of 1188). He also founded the University of Salamanca in 1208.
Death Notes: Wife - Berengaria of Castile
Research Notes: Wife - Berengaria of Castile
From Wikipedia - Berengaria of Castile :
Berengaria (Castilian : Berengaria; 1180 - 8 November 1246), was briefly queen of Castile and León . The eldest daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England , she was briefly engaged to Conrad II, Duke of Swabia , but he was murdered in 1196 before they could be married.
Marriage
Berengaria married King Alfonso IX of León in 1198, but this was annulled in 1204 by Pope Innocent III because they were second cousins. Berengaria and Alfonso had five children, including one who died in infancy, and when she returned to her father's court in Castile, she brought her children with her to Otella.
Berengaria often found herself politically at odds with her former husband. Alfonso had two daughters, Sancha and Dulce, by his first wife, Theresa of Portugal, and wished to disinherit Berengaria's children in favor of these daughters. To this end, he invited John of Brienne to marry his eldest daughter, Sancha, and thus inherit his kingdom. Berengaria sabotaged this plan by convincing John of Brienne to marry her own daughter, Berengaria of Leon , instead. Later, on 24 September 1230 when Alfonso died, Berengaria and Ferdinand acted to set aside the rights of Sancha and Dulce by offering them a lifetime appanage, which they accepted. This was done so that, with Berengaria's aid, he could assume the Leonese throne.
Queen
When her brother Henry died by accident in 1217, Berengaria became sovereign of Castile. She soon renounced her crown in favor of her son Ferdinand . Thereafter she served as the king's motherly advisor; according to the Cronica Latina , her "total intent and desire being to procure honor for her son in every way possible". Berengaria helped quell the rebellious nobles, and then arranged for Ferdinand to marry a high-born wife, Beatrice of Swabia.
Berengaria maintained strong connections with her sister Blanche , who was Queen of France. It was Blanche who suggested sending Jeanne of Ponthieu as a bride for Ferdinand after his first wife's death.
Children
Her children with Alfonso IX included:
Husband Alfonso V King of Léon 9 17
AKA: Alphonso V King of Léon
Born: Abt 989 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 1027
Buried:
Marriage:
Wife Elvira 9
Born: Abt 991 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Melendo Gonzalez (Abt 0965- ) 9
Mother:
Children
1 F Sancha Princess of Léon 9 17
Born: Abt 1013 - Léon, Léon, Spain
Christened:
Died: 7 Nov 1067
Buried:
Spouse: Ferdinand I King of Castile and Léon (Abt 1018-1065) 9 17
Marr: Abt Nov 1032 - Léon, Léon, Spain
Husband Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon 9 17 18
AKA: Alfonso I of Castile
Born: Bef Jun 1040 - <Burgos, Castile>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 29 Jun 1109 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Buried:
Father: Ferdinand I King of Castile and Léon (Abt 1018-1065) 9 17
Mother: Sancha Princess of Léon (Abt 1013-1067) 9 17
Marriage: 1081
Other Spouse: Ximena Nunia de Guzman (Abt 1048-1128) 9 19
Wife Constance of Burgundy 20 21
Born: 1046 - <Burgundy, (France)>
Christened:
Died: 1092
Buried:
Father: Robert "the Old" Duke of Burgundy (Abt 1011-1076) 22 23
Mother: Hélie (1016-1055) 24
Children
1 F Urraca of Castile, Queen of Castile and Léon 2 25 26
AKA: Urraca of Léon, Urraca I Queen of Léon and Castile, Urraca Alfonsez of Castile and Léon
Born: Abt 1082 - <Burgos, Castile>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 8 Mar 1126 - Saldana, Palencia, Spain
Buried:
Spouse: Raymond of Burgundy, Count of Amous (Abt 1060-1107) 27 28
Marr: Abt 1087 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Birth Notes: Husband - Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
From Wikipedia - Alfonso VI of León and Castile :
Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - June 29 /July 1 , 1109 ), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Castile from 1072 following the death of his brother Sancho II . In 1077 he proclaimed himself "Emperor of all Spain ". Much romance has gathered around his name.
Early life
As the second and favorite son of King Ferdinand I of León and Princess Sancha of León , Alfonso was allotted León, while Castile was given to his eldest brother Sancho , and Galicia to his youngest brother García . Sancho was assassinated in 1072. García was dethroned and imprisoned for life the following year.
In the cantar de gesta The Lay of the Cid , he plays the part attributed by medieval poets to the greatest kings, and to Charlemagne himself. He is alternately the oppressor and the victim of heroic and self-willed nobles - the idealized types of the patrons for whom the jongleurs and troubadours sang. He is the hero of a cantar de gesta which, like all but a very few of the early Spanish songs, like the cantar of Bernardo del Carpio and the Infantes of Lara , exists now only in the fragments incorporated in the chronicle of Alfonso the Wise or in ballad form.
His flight from the monastery of Sahagún (Safagún in Leonese language ), where his brother Sancho endeavoured to imprison him, his chivalrous friendship for his host Almamun of Toledo , caballero aunque moro, "a knight although a Moor ", the passionate loyalty of his vassal, Pero (Pedro) Ansúrez, and his brotherly love for his sister Urraca of Zamora , may owe something to the poet who took him as a hero.
They are the answer to the poet of the nobles who represented the king as having submitted to taking a degrading oath at the hands of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid ) to deny intervention in his brother's death in the church of Santa Gadea at Burgos , and as having then persecuted the brave man who defied him.
Marriages and children
Alfonso married at least five times and had two mistresses and a fiancée:
Alfonso's designated successor, his son Sancho, was slain after being routed at the Battle of Uclés in 1108, making Alfonso's eldest legitimate daughter, the widowed Urraca as his heir. In order to strengthen her position as his successor, Alfonso began negotiations for her to marry her second cousin, Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre , but died before the marriage could take place, Urraca succeeding.
Death Notes: Wife - Constance of Burgundy
Research Notes: Wife - Constance of Burgundy
From Wikipedia - Constance of Burgundy :
Constance of Burgundy (1046 - 1093), was the daughter of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and Helie de Semur-en-Brionnais .
She built a monastery in Burgos for Adelelmus in 1079. She married Alfonso VI of Castile on May 8 , 1079 . They had two children:
Husband Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon 9 17 18
AKA: Alfonso I of Castile
Born: Bef Jun 1040 - <Burgos, Castile>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 29 Jun 1109 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Buried:
Father: Ferdinand I King of Castile and Léon (Abt 1018-1065) 9 17
Mother: Sancha Princess of Léon (Abt 1013-1067) 9 17
Marriage: - This couple did not marry
Other Spouse: Constance of Burgundy (1046-1092) 20 21 - 1081
Wife Ximena Nunia de Guzman 9 19
AKA: Ximena Nuñez de Guzman
Born: Abt 1048 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 1128
Buried:
Father: Nuño Rodriguez de Guzman (Abt 1026- ) 9
Mother: Ximena Ordonez (Abt 1030- ) 9
Children
1 F Theresa of Leon and Castile 9
AKA: Teresa Alfonsez of Léon and Castile
Born: Abt 1070 - <Toledo, Castile>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 1 Nov 1130
Buried:
Spouse: Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal (1069-1112) 9 29 30
Marr: 1093
Birth Notes: Husband - Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso VI "the Brave" of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
From Wikipedia - Alfonso VI of León and Castile :
Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - June 29 /July 1 , 1109 ), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Castile from 1072 following the death of his brother Sancho II . In 1077 he proclaimed himself "Emperor of all Spain ". Much romance has gathered around his name.
Early life
As the second and favorite son of King Ferdinand I of León and Princess Sancha of León , Alfonso was allotted León, while Castile was given to his eldest brother Sancho , and Galicia to his youngest brother García . Sancho was assassinated in 1072. García was dethroned and imprisoned for life the following year.
In the cantar de gesta The Lay of the Cid , he plays the part attributed by medieval poets to the greatest kings, and to Charlemagne himself. He is alternately the oppressor and the victim of heroic and self-willed nobles - the idealized types of the patrons for whom the jongleurs and troubadours sang. He is the hero of a cantar de gesta which, like all but a very few of the early Spanish songs, like the cantar of Bernardo del Carpio and the Infantes of Lara , exists now only in the fragments incorporated in the chronicle of Alfonso the Wise or in ballad form.
His flight from the monastery of Sahagún (Safagún in Leonese language ), where his brother Sancho endeavoured to imprison him, his chivalrous friendship for his host Almamun of Toledo , caballero aunque moro, "a knight although a Moor ", the passionate loyalty of his vassal, Pero (Pedro) Ansúrez, and his brotherly love for his sister Urraca of Zamora , may owe something to the poet who took him as a hero.
They are the answer to the poet of the nobles who represented the king as having submitted to taking a degrading oath at the hands of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid ) to deny intervention in his brother's death in the church of Santa Gadea at Burgos , and as having then persecuted the brave man who defied him.
Marriages and children
Alfonso married at least five times and had two mistresses and a fiancée:
Alfonso's designated successor, his son Sancho, was slain after being routed at the Battle of Uclés in 1108, making Alfonso's eldest legitimate daughter, the widowed Urraca as his heir. In order to strengthen her position as his successor, Alfonso began negotiations for her to marry her second cousin, Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre , but died before the marriage could take place, Urraca succeeding.
Research Notes: Wife - Ximena Nunia de Guzman
Husband Alfonso VII King of Castile and Léon 2 31 32
AKA: Alfonso Raimundez, Alfonso VII of Léon and Castile, Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain, Alfonso VII "Pierre-Raimund" King of Castile and Leon and Galicia
Born: 1 Mar 1105 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Christened:
Died: 21 Aug 1157 - La Fresneda, Teruel, Aragon, Spain
Buried: - Catedral De Toledo, Toledo, Castile
Father: Raymond of Burgundy, Count of Amous (Abt 1060-1107) 27 28
Mother: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Castile and Léon (Abt 1082-1126) 2 25 26
Marriage: Nov 1128
Wife Berenguela of Barcelona 9 33
AKA: Berenguela Raimundo de Barcelona
Born: Abt 1116 - <Barcelona, Aragon>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 3 Feb 1149 - Palencia, Léon, Spain
Buried:
Father: Raymond III Berenger Count of Barcelona (1080/1082-1131) 9
Mother: Dulce Aldonza Milhaud (Abt 1095-1190) 9 34
Children
1 M Sancho III of Castile 35 36
AKA: Sancho "el Deseado" of Castile
Born: 1134
Christened:
Died: 30 Aug 1158
Buried:
Spouse: Blanca Garcés of Navarre (After 1133-1156) 37 38
Marr: 30 Jan 1151 - Catahorra, Logroño
2 M Fernando II King of Léon 2 4 5
AKA: Ferdinand II King of Léon, Fernando II Alfonsez King of Léon
Born: 1137 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Christened:
Died: 22 Jan 1188 - Benavente, Zamora, Castile, Spain
Buried:
Spouse: Urraca of Portugal (Abt 1150-1188) 2 6 7
Marr: Abt Jun 1165 - Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. (Annulled in Jun 1175)
3 F Sancha
Born: 1137
Christened:
Died: 1179
Buried:
4 F Constance
Born: 1141
Christened:
Died: 1160
Buried:
Death Notes: Husband - Alfonso VII King of Castile and Léon
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso VII King of Castile and Léon
From Wikipedia - Alfonso VII of León and Castile :
Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 - 21 August 1157 ), called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. He was crowned "Emperor of All the Spains " in 1135. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy , the first of the House of Burgundy to rule in Hispania .
Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Hispania over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón ) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler . He also sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice, though his attempts to rule over both Christian and Muslim populations was even less successful. His hegemonic intentions never saw fruition, however. During his tenure, Portugal became de facto independent, in 1128, and was recognized as de jure independent, in 1143. He was a patron of poets, including, probably, the troubadour Marcabru .
Succession to three kingdoms
In 1111, Diego Gelmírez , Bishop of Compostela , and the count of Traba crowned Alfonso King of Galicia in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela . He was but a child at the time, but his mother had already (1109) succeeded to the united throne of León-Castile-Galicia and desired to assure her son's prospects and groom him for his eventual succession. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo . On 10 March 1126 , after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery of the Kingdom of Castile , which was then under the domination of Alfonso the Battler. By the Peace of Támara of 1127, the Battler recognised Alfonso VII of Castile. The territory in the far east of his dominion, however, had gained much independence during the rule of his mother and experienced many rebellions. After his recognition in Castile, Alfonso fought to curb the autonomy of the local barons.
When Alfonso the Battler, King of Navarre and Aragón , died without descendants in 1134, he willed his kingdom to the military orders . The aristocracy of both kingdoms did not accept this and García Ramírez , Count of Monzón was elected in Navarre while Alfonso pretended to the throne of Aragón. The nobles chose another candidate in the dead king's brother, Ramiro II . Alfonso responded by occupying La Rioja , conquering Zaragoza , and governing both realms in unison. From this point, the arms of Zaragoza began to appear in those of León.
In several skirmishes, he defeated the joint Navarro-Aragonese army and put the kingdoms to vassalage. He had the strong support of the lords north of the Pyrenees , who held lands as far as the River Rhône . In the end, however, the combined forces of the Navarre and Aragón were too much for his control. At this time, he helped Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona , in his wars with the other Catalan counties to unite the old Marca Hispanica .
Imperial rule
A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held León. Sancho the Great considered the city the imperiale culmen and minted coins with the inscription Imperator totius Hispaniae after being crowned in it. Such a sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigothic kings, who had been themselves the representatives of the Roman Empire . But though appearing in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of León and Alfonso the Battler , the title had been little more than a flourish of rhetoric.
In 1135, Alfonso was crowned "Emperor of All the Spains" in the Cathedral of León . By this, he probably wished to assert his authority over the entire peninsula and his absolute leadership of the Reconquista . He appears to have striven for the formation of a national unity which Hispania had never possessed since the fall of the Visigothic kingdom. The elements he had to deal with could not be welded together. The weakness of Aragon enabled him to make his superiority effective, although Afonso I of Portugal never recognised him as liege , thereby affirming Portugal's independence. In 1143, he himself recognised this status quo and consented to the marriage of Petronila of Aragon with Ramon Berenguer IV , a union which combined Aragon and Catalonia into the Crown of Aragon .
Family
In November 1128, he married Berenguela , daughter of Ramon Berenguer III. She died in 1149. Their children were:
Sancho III of Castile (1134-1158)
Ramon, living 1136, died in infancy
Ferdinand II of León (1137-1188)
Constance (c.1138-1160), married Louis VII of France
Sancha (c.1139-1179), married Sancho VI of Navarre
García (c.1142-1145/6)
Alfonso (c.1144-by 1149)
In 1152, Alfonso married Richeza of Poland , the daughter of Ladislaus II the Exile . They had:
Ferdinand, (1153-1157)
Sancha (1155-1208), the wife of Alfonso II of Aragón .
Alfonso also had two mistresses, having children by both. By an Asturian noblewoman named Guntroda Pérez , he had an illegitimate daughter, Urraca (1132-1164), who married García Ramírez of Navarre , the mother retiring to a convent in 1133. Later in his reign, he formed a liaison with Urraca Fernández, widow of count Rodrigo Martínez and daughter of Fernando García of Hita, an apparent grandson of García Sánchez III of Navarre , having a daughter Stephanie 'the Unfortunate' (1148-1180), who was killed by her jealous husband, Fernan Ruiz de Castro.
Death Notes: Wife - Berenguela of Barcelona
Husband Alfonso VIII "the Noble" King of Castile 39 40
AKA: Alfonso VIII "the Good" King of Castile, El de las Navas
Born: 11 Nov 1155
Christened:
Died: 5 Oct 1214
Buried:
Father: Sancho III of Castile (1134-1158) 35 36
Mother: Blanca Garcés of Navarre (After 1133-1156) 37 38
Marriage: Sep 1180
Wife Eleanor of England 41 42
AKA: Leonora of England and Aquitaine
Born: 13 Oct 1162 - Domfront, Normandy
Christened:
Died: 31 Oct 1214
Buried:
Father: Henry II "Curtmantel" King of England (1132-1189)
Mother: Eleanor of Aquitaine (Abt 1124-1204)
Children
1 F Blanche of Castile 43 44
AKA: Blanca de Castilla
Born: 4 Mar 1188 - Palencia, (Palencia, Castile-Léon), Spain
Christened:
Died: 26 Nov 1252 - Paris, Île-de-France, France
Buried:
Spouse: Louis VIII King of France (1187-1226) 45 46
Marr: 23 May 1200
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso VIII "the Noble" King of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 - 5 October 1214 ), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo [1]. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate . After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of an irreversible tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula .
His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Regency and civil war
Alfonso was born to Sancho III of Castile and Blanca , daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre , in Soria on 11 November 1155. He was named after his grandfather Alfonso VII . His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. His father died in 1158 when his mother was also dead. Though proclaimed king when only three years of age, he was regarded as a mere name by the unruly nobles to whom a minority was convenient. Immediately, Castile was plunged into conflicts between the various noble houses vying for ascendancy in the inevitable regency. The devotion of a squire of his household, who carried him on the pommel of his saddle to the stronghold of San Esteban de Gormaz , saved him from falling into the hands of the contending factions. The noble houses of Lara and Castro both claimed the regency, as did the boy's uncle, Ferdinand II of León . In March 1160 the former two families met at the Battle of Lobregal and the Castro were victorious.
Alfonso was put in the custody of the loyal village Ávila . At barely fifteen, he came forth to do a man's work by restoring his kingdom to order. It was only by a surprise that he recovered his capital Toledo from the hands of the Laras.
[edit ] Reconquista
In 1174, he ceded Uclés to the Order of Santiago and afterwards this became the order's principal seat. From Uclés, he began a campaign which culminated in the reconquest of Cuenca in 1177. The city surrendered on 21 September , the feast of Saint Matthew , ever afterwards celebrated by the citizens of the town.
Alfonso took the initiative to ally all the major Christian kingdoms of the peninsula - Navarre , León , Portugal , and Aragon - against the Almohads . By the Treaty of Cazola of 1179, the zones of expansion of each kingdom were defined.
After founding Plasencia (Cáceres ) in 1186, he embarked on a major initiative to unite the Castilian nobility around the Reconquista. In that year, he recuperated part of La Rioja from the Kingdom of Navarre .
In 1195, after the treaty with the Almohads was broken, he came to the defence of Alarcos on the river Guadiana , then the principal Castilian town in the region. At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos , he was roundly defeated by the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur . The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first. For the next seventeen years, the frontier between Moor and Castilian was fixed in the hill country just outside Toledo.
Finally, in 1212, through the mediation of Pope Innocent III , a crusade was called against the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under Peter II , Navarrese under Sancho VII , and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Narbonne all flocked to the effort. The military orders also lent their support. Calatrava first, then Alarcos, and finally Benavente were captured before a final battle was fought at Las Navas de Tolosa near Santa Elena on 16 July . The caliph Muhammad an-Nasir was routed and Almohad power broken.
[edit ] Cultural legacy
Tombs of Alfonso and Eleanor
Alfonso was the founder of the first Spanish university, a studium generale at Palencia , which, however, did not survive him. His court also served as an important instrument for Spanish cultural achievement. His marriage (Burgos , September 1180) with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine , brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Troubadours and sages were always present, largely due to the influence of Eleanor.
Alfonso died at Gutierre-Muñoz and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Henry I , named after his maternal grandfather.
[edit ] Children
With Eleanor, (Leonora of England ) he had 11 children:
Birth Notes: Wife - Eleanor of England
Research Notes: Wife - Eleanor of England
Eleanor of England (known in Castilian as Leonora; 13 October 1162 - 31 October 1214) was Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile .
She was born in the castle at Domfront , Normandy , and was baptised by Henry of Marcy . She was the sixth child and second daughter of King Henry II of England and his wife Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine . Her godfather was the chronicler Robert of Torigny , who had a special interest in her and recorded her life as best he could. She received her first name as a namesake of her mother, whose name "Eleanor" (or Alienor) had previously been unrecorded though may have been related to the Greek Helen or the Italian Elena . Another view holds that in the Occitan language , Eleanor simply meant "the other Aenor," since Eleanor of Aquitaine was named for her mother, called Aenor .
Eleanor was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France . She was a younger sister of William IX, Count of Poitiers , Henry the Young King , Matilda, Duchess of Saxony , Richard I of England and Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany . She was also an older sister of Joan of Sicily and John of England .
When she was eighteen years old, in September 1180, she was married to Alfonso VIII . The marriage was arranged to secure the Pyrennean border, with Gascony offered as her dowry.
Of all Eleanor of Aquitaine's daughters, her namesake Eleanor best inherited her mother's political influence. She was almost as powerful as her husband, who specified in his will that she was to rule alongside their son in the event of his death. It was she who persuaded him to marry their daughter Berenguela to the king of Leon in the interest of peace.
When Alfonso died, his queen was reportedly so devastated with grief that she was unable to preside over the burial. Their daughter Berenguela instead performed these honors. Leonora then took sick and died only twenty-eight days after her husband, and was buried at Las Huelgas abbey in Burgos.
Children
Notes: Marriage
Death Notes: Child - Blanche of Castile
Husband Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Galicia, Castile and León 47
AKA: Alfonso X of Castile King of Galicia, Castile and León
Born: 23 Nov 1221 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Christened:
Died: 4 Apr 1284 - Seville, Spain
Buried:
Father: Fernando III of Castile King of Castile and Leon (1199-1252) 12
Mother: Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203-1235) 13
Marriage: - This couple did not marry
Other Spouse: Yolanda of Aragon (1236-1301) 48 - 26 Dec 1246 - Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Wife Mayor Guillén de Guzmán 49
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Beatrice of Castile 50
AKA: Beatriz de Castilla
Born: 1242
Christened:
Died: 1303
Buried:
Spouse: Afonso III King of Portugal and the Algarve (1210-1279)
Marr: 1253
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Galicia, Castile and León
Alfonso X (Toledo, Spain , November 23, 1221 - April 4, 1284 in Seville, Spain ) was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile , León and Galicia from 1252 until his death. He also was elected King of the Germans (formally King of the Romans ) in 1257, though the Papacy prevented his confirmation.
He established Castilian as a language of higher learning, founded universities such as the University of Toledo ) and earned his nicknames (Spanish : 'el Sabio', Galician : 'O Sabio') ("the Wise" or "the Learned") and (Spanish : 'el Astrólogo', Galician : 'O Astrólogo') ("the Astronomer") through his own prolific writings, including Galician-Portuguese poetry .
Life
Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen , through whom he was a cousin of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , to whom Alfonso is often compared. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina .
Ruler
As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. The Fuero Real was undoubtedly his work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the Siete Partidas , which, however, thwarted by the nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, and because the Partidas remain fundamental law in the American Southwest, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol .
Alfonso "turned to the vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin ."[2] He was the first king who initiated the use of the Castilian language extensively, although his father, Fernando III, had begun to use it for some documents, instead of Latin, as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents.
Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara , Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. According to some scholars, Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization, and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles.[3] Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid for Holy Roman Emperor .
Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of the emperor Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim to represent the Swabian line. Alfonso's election by the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257 misled him into wild schemes that involved excessive expense but never took effect. To obtain money, he debased the coinage and then endeavoured to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff . The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him.
Music
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign. These works included Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and the vast compilation Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in Galician-Portuguese and figures among the most important of his works. The Cantigas form one of the largest collections of vernacular monophonic songs to survive from the Middle Ages . They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. The poems are for the most part on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary . One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa María .
Lineage
Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile , died in 1275 when Morocco and Granada invaded Castile, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, Sancho , claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority . Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons. Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub , the ruling Marinid Sultan of Morocco , they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville , leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.
Family
In 1246, Alfonso X married Violante of Aragon , the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary in 1249, although betrothed already in 1246. Because of her young age (Violante was only 10 years old at the time of the marriage), she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have ten children:
Fernando, died in infancy, and buried in Las Huelgas in Burgos .
Berengaria of Castile (1253 - after 1284). She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King Louis IX of France , but her fiance died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was living in 1284.
Beatriz of Castile (1254-1280). She married William VII, Marquess of Montferrat .
Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile (October 23, 1255 - July 25, 1275). He married Blanche, the daughter of King Louis IX of France, by whom he had two children. Because he predeceased his father, his younger brother Sancho inherited the throne.
Leonor of Castile (1257-1275)
Urraca of Castile (1256-?). She married Pedro Nunez de Guzman y Manzanedo .
Sancho IV of Castile (May 13, 1258 - 1295)
Constanza of Castile (1258 - August 22, 1280), a nun at Las Huelgas.
Pedro of Castile (June 1260 - October 10, 1283)
Juan of Castile, Lord of Valencia (March or April, 1262 - June 25, 1319).
Isabella, died young.
Violante of Castile (1265-1296). She married Diego Lopez de Haro
Jaime of Castile (August 1266 - August 9, 1284)
Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. His illegitimate daughter, Beatriz de Castilla , married King Afonso III of Portugal . An illegitimate son, Martin, was Abbot of Valladolid.
Research Notes: Wife - Mayor Guillén de Guzmán
Husband Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Galicia, Castile and León 47
AKA: Alfonso X of Castile King of Galicia, Castile and León
Born: 23 Nov 1221 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Christened:
Died: 4 Apr 1284 - Seville, Spain
Buried:
Father: Fernando III of Castile King of Castile and Leon (1199-1252) 12
Mother: Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203-1235) 13
Marriage: 26 Dec 1246 - Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Other Spouse: Mayor Guillén de Guzmán ( - ) 49
Wife Yolanda of Aragon 48
AKA: Violant of Aragon, Violante of Aragon
Born: 1236 - Zaragoza, Aragon (Zaragoza), (Spain)
Christened:
Died: 1301 - Roncevalles
Buried:
Father: James I of Aragon (1208-1276) 51
Mother: Violant of Hungary (Abt 1216-1253) 52
Children
1 M Sancho IV "El Bravo" of Castile 53
Born: 13 May 1258
Christened:
Died: 25 Apr 1295 - Toledo, Castile, Spain
Buried:
Spouse: María de Molina (Abt 1265-1321) 54
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Galicia, Castile and León
Alfonso X (Toledo, Spain , November 23, 1221 - April 4, 1284 in Seville, Spain ) was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile , León and Galicia from 1252 until his death. He also was elected King of the Germans (formally King of the Romans ) in 1257, though the Papacy prevented his confirmation.
He established Castilian as a language of higher learning, founded universities such as the University of Toledo ) and earned his nicknames (Spanish : 'el Sabio', Galician : 'O Sabio') ("the Wise" or "the Learned") and (Spanish : 'el Astrólogo', Galician : 'O Astrólogo') ("the Astronomer") through his own prolific writings, including Galician-Portuguese poetry .
Life
Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen , through whom he was a cousin of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , to whom Alfonso is often compared. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina .
Ruler
As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. The Fuero Real was undoubtedly his work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the Siete Partidas , which, however, thwarted by the nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, and because the Partidas remain fundamental law in the American Southwest, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol .
Alfonso "turned to the vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin ."[2] He was the first king who initiated the use of the Castilian language extensively, although his father, Fernando III, had begun to use it for some documents, instead of Latin, as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents.
Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara , Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. According to some scholars, Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization, and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles.[3] Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid for Holy Roman Emperor .
Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of the emperor Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim to represent the Swabian line. Alfonso's election by the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257 misled him into wild schemes that involved excessive expense but never took effect. To obtain money, he debased the coinage and then endeavoured to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff . The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him.
Music
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign. These works included Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and the vast compilation Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in Galician-Portuguese and figures among the most important of his works. The Cantigas form one of the largest collections of vernacular monophonic songs to survive from the Middle Ages . They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. The poems are for the most part on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary . One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa María .
Lineage
Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile , died in 1275 when Morocco and Granada invaded Castile, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, Sancho , claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority . Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons. Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub , the ruling Marinid Sultan of Morocco , they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville , leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.
Family
In 1246, Alfonso X married Violante of Aragon , the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary in 1249, although betrothed already in 1246. Because of her young age (Violante was only 10 years old at the time of the marriage), she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have ten children:
Fernando, died in infancy, and buried in Las Huelgas in Burgos .
Berengaria of Castile (1253 - after 1284). She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King Louis IX of France , but her fiance died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was living in 1284.
Beatriz of Castile (1254-1280). She married William VII, Marquess of Montferrat .
Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile (October 23, 1255 - July 25, 1275). He married Blanche, the daughter of King Louis IX of France, by whom he had two children. Because he predeceased his father, his younger brother Sancho inherited the throne.
Leonor of Castile (1257-1275)
Urraca of Castile (1256-?). She married Pedro Nunez de Guzman y Manzanedo .
Sancho IV of Castile (May 13, 1258 - 1295)
Constanza of Castile (1258 - August 22, 1280), a nun at Las Huelgas.
Pedro of Castile (June 1260 - October 10, 1283)
Juan of Castile, Lord of Valencia (March or April, 1262 - June 25, 1319).
Isabella, died young.
Violante of Castile (1265-1296). She married Diego Lopez de Haro
Jaime of Castile (August 1266 - August 9, 1284)
Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. His illegitimate daughter, Beatriz de Castilla , married King Afonso III of Portugal . An illegitimate son, Martin, was Abbot of Valladolid.
Research Notes: Wife - Yolanda of Aragon
Violant or Violante of Aragon, also known as Yolanda of Aragon (1236 - 1301) Queen consort of Castile and León (1252-1284).
She was born in Zaragoza , the daughter of King James I of Aragon (1213-1276) and his second wife the queen Yolande of Hungary (ca.1215-1253). Her maternal grandparents were Andrew II of Hungary and Violant of Courtenay.
On December 26, 1246 she married in Valladolid with the future King Alfonso X of Castile and Leon (1221-1284). Because of her youth (Violante was only 10 years old at the time of the marriage), she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. The oft-repeated claim that Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled is untrue, and they went on to have twelve children:
Fernando, died in infancy, and buried in Las Huelgas in Burgos .
Berengaria of Castile (1253-after 1284). She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King Louis IX of France , but her fiance died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas , where she was living in 1284.
Beatriz of Castile (1254-1280). She married William VII, Marquess of Montferrat .
Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile (October 23, 1255-July 25, 1275). He married Blanche , the daughter of King Louis IX of France , by whom he had two children. Because he predeceased his father, his younger brother Sancho inherited the throne.
Leonor of Castile (1257-1275)
Sancho IV of Castile (May 13, 1258-1295)
Constanza of Castile (1258-August 22, 1280), a nun at Las Huelgas.
Pedro of Castile (June 1260-October 10, 1283)
Juan of Castile, Lord of Valencia (March or April, 1262-June 25, 1319).
Isabella, died young.
Violante of Castile (1265-1296). She married Diego Lopez de Haro
Jaime of Castile (August 1266-August 9, 1284)
She died at Roncevalles .
Husband Alfonso XI of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
Born: 13 Aug 1311
Christened:
Died: 26-27 Mar 1350
Buried:
Father: Ferdinand IV of Castile (1285-1312)
Mother: Constance of Portugal (1290-1313)
Marriage:
Wife Maria of Portugal 55 56
Born: 9 Feb 1313
Christened:
Died: 18 Jan 1357 - Évora
Buried: - Seville Cathedral, Seville, Spain
Father: Afonso IV "the Brave" King of Portugal and the Algarve (1291-1357) 55
Mother: Beatrice of Castile (1293-1359) 57
Children
1 M Peter I "the Cruel" King of Castile 55 58
AKA: Pedro "the Cruel" King of Castile, Pedro "the Lawful" King of Castille
Born: 30 Aug 1334
Christened:
Died: 23 Mar 1369
Buried:
Spouse: Maria de Padilla (1334-1361) 55 59
Research Notes: Husband - Alfonso XI of Castile, King of Castile and Leon
Burial Notes: Wife - Maria of Portugal
Research Notes: Wife - Maria of Portugal
Infanta Maria of Portugal (Portuguese pronunciation: [m?'?i?] ) was a Portuguese infanta (princess), first daughter of King Afonso IV of Portugal and his first wife Beatrice of Castile . Her maternal grandparents were Sancho IV of Castile and María de Molina .
She was born on 9 February 1313 and became Queen consort of Castile by marriage to Alfonso XI in 1328. She was the mother of Pedro of Castile .
She died in Évora on 18 January 1357 and is buried in the Chapel of the Kings in the Seville Cathedral .
Husband Alfred the Great King of Wessex, King of England 60 61 62
AKA: Ælfred King of the Anglo-Saxons, Ælfred se Greata King of the Anglo-Saxons
Born: Between 847 and 849 - Wantage, Berkshire, England
Christened:
Died: 26 Oct 899
Buried: - Old Minster [New Minster], Wessex, [Winchester, ] England
Father: Æthelwulf King of Wessex and King of Kent (Between 0795/0800-0858) 63 64
Mother: Osburga (Abt 0805-After 0876) 61 65 66
Marriage: 869
Wife Ealhswith of the Gaini, Queen of the Anglo-Saxons 67 68 69
AKA: Aethelwitha, Ealswitha of the Gaini
Born: Abt 852 - Mercia <Gaines, Lincolnshire, England>
Christened:
Died: 5 Dec 904 or 905
Buried: - St. Mary's Abbey, Winchester, Hampshire, England
Father: Æthelred Mucill Ealdorman of the Gaini ( - ) 70
Mother: Edburga ( - )
Children
1 F Ælfthryth of Wessex 71 72 73 74
AKA: Ælflaeda, Ælfreda, Elfleda, Elfrida Countess of Flanders, Ethelswith of Wessex
Born: Abt 869 - England
Christened:
Died: 9 Jun 929
Buried:
Spouse: Baldwin II Count of Flanders and Artois (Abt 0864-0918) 75 76 77 78
Marr: 884
2 M Edward I "the Elder" King of England 79 80 81
AKA: Eadweard se Ieldra King of England
Born: Between 871 and 875 - Wessex, England
Christened:
Died: 17 Jul 924 or 925 - Fardon-on-Dee, Cheshire, England
Buried: - New Minster, Winchester, England
Spouse: Ecgwynn ( - )
Marr: Abt 893
Spouse: Elfreda (Abt 0878- ) 80 82 83
Marr: 899
Spouse: Eadgifu (Abt 0881-0968) 84 85
Marr: Abt 919
3 F Ethelfleda Queen of Mercia 86 87
AKA: Æthelflaeda Queen of the Mercians
Born: Abt 877 - <Wessex>, England
Christened:
Died: 12 Jun 918 - Tamworth, Mercia (Staffordshire, England) 88
Buried: - St. Peter's, Gloucestershire, England
Spouse: Ethelred Duke of Mercia (Abt 0865-0912) 86
4 F Æthelgiva Abbess of Shaftesbury 61
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
5 F Æthelwærd 61
Born:
Christened:
Died: 16 Oct 922
Buried:
Research Notes: Husband - Alfred the Great King of Wessex, King of England
From http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871980:(b. abt 846, d. 26 Oct 899) :
Alfred the Great, King of England 871-899. The only English King to be known as "the Great", Alfred acceded to the throne of Wessex upon the death of his brother Aethelred in 871. Over the next few years he spent much time fighting off Viking invasions. After routing the Great Army of the Vikings in 878, Alfred signed the Treaty of Wedmore with its leader Guthrum, dividing England along a line running roughly north-west from London to Chester. Alfred ruled to the south of this line and was recognised overlord of the area to the north, known as Danelaw. Further Viking incursions followed until, in 886, Alfred captured London and was finally accepted by Saxon and Dane alike as King of all England. Alfred reformed and codified Saxon law, promoted a revival in learning and instigated the compilation of the famous 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', a 1,200 year history of England from before Julius Caesar's invasion in 55 B.C. As a boy, Alfred was taken twice to visit the Pope in Rome. He learned to read and write in his teens and he developed a profound interest in learning and a reverence of religion. Alfred devoted much of his energy to reviving the schools and monasteries, and translating important Latin works into Anglo-Saxon himself, notably Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation' and St. Augustine's 'Sililoquies.'
! 'The Kings and Queens of England and Scotland' pgs.
12-13
Father: Aethelwulf UNKNOWN b: Bef 0797 in ,France
Mother: Osburga UNKNOWN b: Abt 0805 in ,Hampshire,England
Marriage 1 Aethelwitha UNKNOWN b: Abt 0849 in Gaines,Lincolnshire,England
Children
Aelfreda UNKNOWN b: Abt 0869 in ,England
Aethelflaeda UNKNOWN b: Abt 0877 in ,England
Edward UNKNOWN b: Abt 0871/0872
-----------
From Wikipedia - Alfred the Great :
Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfr pronounced [ (c. 849 - 26 October 899 ) was king of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish Vikings , becoming the only English King to be awarded the epithet "the Great".[1] Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons ". Details of his life are discussed in a work by the Welsh scholar Asser . Alfred was a learned man, and encouraged education and improved his kingdom's law system as well as its military structure.
Childhood
Further information: House of Wessex family tree
Alfred was born sometime between 847 and 849 at Wantage in the present-day ceremonial county of Oxfordshire (then in the historic county of Berkshire ). He was the fifth and youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex , by his first wife, Osburga .[2] In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred Mucill, who is called ealdorman of the Gaini, an unidentified district.[3]
At five years old, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king." Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, this coronation could not have been foreseen at the time, since Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul " and a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion.[4] It may also be based on Alfred later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome and spending some time at the court of Charles the Bald , King of the Franks , around 854-855. On their return from Rome in 856, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son Æthelbald. Æthelwulf died in 858 , and Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession.
Asser tells the story about how as a child Alfred won a prize of a volume of poetry in English, offered by his mother to the first of her children able to memorize it. This story may be true, or it may be a myth designed to illustrate the young Alfred's love of learning.
Under Ethelred
During the short reigns of his two eldest brothers, Æthelbald and Ethelbert , Alfred is not mentioned. However with the accession of the third brother, Ethelred I , in 866, the public life of Alfred began. It is during this period that Asser applies to him the unique title of "secundarius", which may indicate a position akin to that of the Celtic tanist, a recognized successor closely associated with the reigning monarch. It is possible that this arrangement was sanctioned by the Witenagemot , to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Ethelred fall in battle. The arrangement of crowning a successor as Royal prince and military commander is well-known among Germanic tribes , such as the Swedes and Franks , with whom the Anglo-Saxons had close ties.
In 868, Alfred is recorded fighting beside his brother Ethelred, in an unsuccessful attempt to keep the invading Danes out of the adjoining Kingdom of Mercia . For nearly two years, Wessex was spared attacks because Alfred paid the Vikings to leave him alone. However, at the end of 870, the Danes arrived in his homeland. The year that followed has been called "Alfred's year of battles". Nine martial engagements were fought with varying fortunes, though the place and date of two of the battles have not been recorded. In Berkshire, a successful skirmish at the Battle of Englefield , on 31 December 870 , was followed by a severe defeat at the Siege and Battle of Reading , on 5 January 871 , and then, four days later, a brilliant victory at the Battle of Ashdown on the Berkshire Downs , possibly near Compton or Aldworth . Alfred is particularly credited with the success of this latter conflict. However, later that month, on 22 January , the English were again defeated at Basing and, on the following 22 March at the Battle of Merton (perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset ) in which Ethelred was killed. The two unidentified battles may also have occurred in between.
Family
In 868, Alfred married Ealhswith , daughter of Ealdorman of the Gaini (who is also known as Aethelred Mucill), who was from the Gainsborough region of Lincolnshire . She appears to have been the maternal granddaughter of a King of Mercia . They had five or six children together, including Edward the Elder , who succeeded his father as King of Wessex , Ethelfleda , who would become Queen of Mercia in her own right, and Ælfthryth who married Baldwin II the Count of Flanders .
Death, burial and Legacy
Alfred died on 26 October . The actual year is not certain, but it was not necessarily 901 as stated in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. How he died is unknown. He was originally buried temporarily in the Old Minster in Winchester , then moved to the New Minster (perhaps built especially to receive his body). When the New Minster moved to Hyde, a little north of the city, in 1110, the monks transferred to Hyde Abbey along with Alfred's body. His grave was apparently excavated during the building of a new prison in 1788 and the bones scattered. However, bones found on a similar site in the 1860s were also declared to be Alfred's and later buried in Hyde churchyard. Extensive excavations in 1999 revealed what is believed to be his grave-cut, that of his wife Eahlswith, and that of their son Edward the Elder but barely any human remains.[13]
Research Notes: Wife - Ealhswith of the Gaini, Queen of the Anglo-Saxons
From Wikipedia - Ealhswith :
Ealhswith (or Ealswitha) of the Gaini was born c. 852 in Mercia . Her name means "Temple strength".
Her father was Æthelred Mucil, Ealdorman of the Gaini. She was married in 868 , to Alfred the Great , king of Wessex . The children of Alfred and Ealhswith included Edward the Elder , later king of Wessex, Ælfthryth , who married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders , and Ethelfleda , who ruled as Lady of the Mercians.
After Alfred's death in 899 , Ealhswith became a nun . She died on 5 December 905 , and is buried in St. Mary's Abbey , Winchester , Hampshire .
Also ref. History of the Anglo-Saxons (1831 ) by Sir Francis Palgrave for more details on her husband Alfred the Great .
Death Notes: Child - Ælfthryth of Wessex
Birth Notes: Child - Ethelfleda Queen of Mercia
Sources