Husband Edmund II "Ironside" King of England 1 2
AKA: Eadmund II "Ironside" King of England
Born: Abt 989
Christened:
Died: 30 Nov 1016 - <Oxford or London>, England
Buried: - Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset, England
Father: Æthelred II "the Redeless" King of England (Abt 0968-1016) 3 4 5
Mother: Ælfgifu of York (Abt 0968-Abt 1002) 5 6 7
Marriage: 1015
Events
• King of England: 23 Apr 1016-30 Nov 1016.
Wife Ealdgyth 8 9
AKA: Edith, Eldgyth
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Other Spouse: Sigeferth ( -Bef 1015) - Bef 1015
Events
• Flourished: 1015-1016.
Children
1 M Edward "the Exile" Saxon Prince of England 10 11
AKA: Edward "the Atheling" Saxon Prince of England
Born: 1016 - England
Christened:
Died: Feb 1057 - England
Buried:
Spouse: Agatha (Abt 1020-After 1070) 12 13
Marr: Abt 1040
Research Notes: Husband - Edmund II "Ironside" King of England
From Wikipedia - Edmund Ironside :
Edmund Ironside or Edmund II (c. 988/993 - 30 November 1016) was king of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016. The cognomen "Ironside" refers to his efforts to fend off a Danish invasion led by King Cnut . His actual authority was limited to Wessex, or the area south of Thames . The north was controlled by Cnut, who became "king of all England" upon Edmund's death. His name is also spelled Eadmund.
Family
Edmund was the second son of King Æthelred the Unready (also known as Æthelred II) and his first wife, Ælfgifu of York . He had three brothers, the elder being Æthelstan , and the younger two being Eadred and Ecgbert. His mother was dead by 996, after which his father remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy .
Æthelstan died in 1014, leaving Edmund as heir. A power-struggle began between Edmund and his father, and in 1015 King Æthelred had two of Edmund's allies, Sigeferth and Morcar , executed. Edmund then took Sigeferth's widow, Ealdgyth , from Malmesbury Abbey where she had been imprisoned and married her in defiance of his father. During this time, Cnut the Great attacked England with his forces. In 1016 Edmund staged a rebellion in conjunction with Earl Uhtred of Northumbria , but after Uhtred deserted him and submitted to Cnut, Edmund was reconciled with his father.
Royal and military history
Æthelred, who had earlier taken ill, died on 23 April 1016. Edmund succeeded to the throne and mounted a last-ditch effort to revive the defence of England. While the Danes laid siege to London , Edmund headed for Wessex , where he gathered an army. When the Danes pursued him he fought them to a standstill. He then raised a renewed Danish siege of London and won repeated victories over Cnut. However, on 18 October, Cnut decisively defeated him at the Battle of Ashingdon in Essex . After the battle the two kings negotiated a peace in which Edmund kept Wessex while Cnut held the lands north of the River Thames . In addition, they agreed that if one of them should die, territories belonging to the deceased would be ceded to the living.[1]
Death
On 30 November 1016, King Edmund died in Oxford or London and his territories were ceded to Cnut who then became king of England. The cause of Edmund's death has never been clear, with many accounts listing natural causes [2], while others suggest that he was assassinated.[3] Edmund was buried at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset . His burial site is now lost. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries , any remains of a monument or crypt were destroyed and the location of his body is unknown.
Heirs
Edmund had two children by Ealdgyth: Edward the Exile and Edmund, who both were sent by Cnut the Great to Sweden , in order to be murdered but were sent from there to Kiev , ending up in Hungary .
Research Notes: Wife - Ealdgyth
From Wikipedia - Ealdgyth (floruit 1015-1016) :
Ealdgyth (floruit 1015-1016), modern English Edith, may have been the name of the wife of Sigeferth son of Earngrim, thegn of the Seven Boroughs, and later of King Edmund Ironside . She was probably the mother of Edmund's sons Edward the Exile and Edmund.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Sigeferth and his brother Morcar , described as "foremost thegns of the Seven Burghs" were killed at an assembly of the English nobility at Oxford . Ealdorman Eadric Streona is said to have killed them "dishonourably" after having invited them to his rooms. The Seven Burghs, otherwise unknown, are presumed to have been the Five Burghs and Torksey and York . Following the killings, King Æthelred the Unready had the property of Sigeferth and Morcar seized and ordered that Sigeferth's widow, whose name the Chronicle does not record, should be detained at Malmesbury Abbey . The chronicle of John of Worcester calls her Ealdgyth.[1]
In the late summer of 1015, at some time between 15 August and 8 September, Edmund Ironside raised a revolt against his father King Æthelred. Either then, or perhaps even earlier, he removed Sigeferth's widow from Malmesbury, against his father's wishes, and married her. Sigeferth and Morcar's friends and allies supported Edmund after this.[2] While two charters issued by Edmund which mention his wife survive from about this time, neither of them contain her name in the surviving texts.[3]
It is generally, but not universally, supposed that Ealdgyth, if that was her name, was the mother of Edmund Ironside's sons.[4] These were Edmund, who died young in exile, and Edward the Exile, who returned to England late in the reign of his uncle King Edward the Confessor and died soon afterwards. Whether she went into exile with her children following Edmund's death in 1016 is unknown.
One reason advanced for supposing that John of Worcester may have been mistaken in naming this woman Ealdgyth is that Sigeferth's brother Morcar had also been married to a woman named Ealdgyth. This Ealdgyth was the daughter of Ælfthryth, and niece of Ælfhelm, Ealdorman of York and Wulfric Spot . While Ealdgyth is a common female name in the period, this coincidence has raised the suspicion that the Worcester chronicle has confused Sigeferth's widow with his sister-in-law.[5]
Husband Maldred Lord of Carlisle and Allerdale 14 15
AKA: Maldred Earl of Dunbar
Born: Abt 1015 - <Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland>
Christened:
Died: 1045
Buried:
Father: Crinan "the Thane" Lay Abbot of Dunkeld, Governor of Scots Islands (Abt 0978-1045) 15 16 17
Mother: Bethóc (Abt 0984- ) 15 18 19
Marriage:
Wife Ealdgyth Princess of Northumbria 20 21
AKA: Aglithia Princess of Northumberland, Aldgitha, Ealdgytfh
Born: Abt 1020 - Northumberland, England
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Uchtred the Bold Earl of Northumbria (Abt 0971-1016) 21 22 23
Mother: Ælfgifu (Abt 0997- ) 5 24
Children
1 M Gospatric I 1st Earl of Dunbar 15 25
AKA: Gospatric Earl of Northumberland
Born: Abt 1040 - <Northumberland, England>
Christened:
Died: 1075
Buried: - Norham, Northumberland, England
Spouse: Æthelreda Princess of England (Abt 1042- ) 21
Death Notes: Husband - Maldred Lord of Carlisle and Allerdale
Husband Ealdred Earl of Bernicia 26 27 28
AKA: Aldred of Bernicia, Ealdred Earl of Bamburgh
Born: Abt 994 - <Bernicia, Northumbria>, England
Christened:
Died: 1038
Buried:
Father: Uchtred the Bold Earl of Northumbria (Abt 0971-1016) 21 22 23
Mother: Ecgfrida (Abt 0973- ) 21 26
Marriage:
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Aelfflaed of Bernicia 27 28 29
AKA: Aelfled of Bernicia, Elfleda of Bernicia
Born: Abt 1031 - <Bernicia, Northumbria>, England
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Sigurd Earl of Northumberland (Bef 1013-1055) 30 31 32
Death Notes: Husband - Ealdred Earl of Bernicia
Murdered by his cousin Carl, son of Thurbrand the Hold
Research Notes: Husband - Ealdred Earl of Bernicia
From Wikipedia - Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh :
Ealdred was Earl of Bernicia from 1020/25 until his murder in 1038. He was the son of Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria , who was murdered by Thurbrand the Hold in 1016 with the connivance of Canute . Ealdred's mother was Ecgfrida, daughter of Aldhun , bishop of Durham .
Ealdred succeeded his uncle Eadwulf Cudel as Earl of Bernicia in 1020/25, and some time probably in the mid 1020s he killed Thurbrand in revenge for his father's death. In 1038 Ealdred was murdered by Thurbrand's son, Carl. He was succeeded as Earl of Bernicia by his brother, another Eadwulf , who was murdered by King Harthacanute in 1041.
Ealdred's daughter, Aelfflaed, was the first wife of Siward, Earl of Northumbria and her son, and Ealdred's grandson, was Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria .
Husband Eberhard Count in the Betuwe 33 34
AKA: Eberhard Count of Beteau
Born: Abt 1031 - France
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Marriage:
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Adelheid Countess of Betuwe 33 34
AKA: Adela, Adele, Alix Countess of Beteau
Born: Abt 1023 - France
Christened:
Died: After 1086
Buried:
Spouse: Henry II Count of Leuven and Brussels (Abt 1021-1079) 34 35 36
Husband Eberhard Margrave of Friuli
Born: Abt 818 - Friuli, Italy
Christened:
Died: 16 Dec 866
Buried:
Marriage: Bef 840
Wife Gisèle 37 38 39
AKA: Gisela
Born: 820 - France
Christened:
Died: 1 Jul 874
Buried:
Father: Louis I Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks (0778-0840) 39 40 41 42
Mother: Judith of Bavaria (Abt 0798-0843) 43 44 45
Children
Research Notes: Husband - Eberhard Margrave of Friuli
Source: http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871876
Husband Eberhard III Count in Nordgau 46
Born: Abt 835 - <Nordgau, Bavaria, (Germany)>
Christened:
Died: After 898
Buried:
Marriage:
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 M Hugo III Count in Nordgau 46
Born: Abt 870 - <Nordgau, Bavaria, (Germany)>
Christened:
Died: 940
Buried:
Spouse: Hildegard (Abt 0876- ) 46
Marr: Abt 899
Husband Eberhard IV Count in Nordgau 46
Born: Abt 900 - <Nordgau, Bavaria, (Germany)>
Christened:
Died: 18 Dec 973 - <Nordgau, (Bavaria), (Germany)>
Buried:
Father: Hugo III Count in Nordgau (Abt 0870-0940) 46
Mother: Hildegard (Abt 0876- ) 46
Marriage:
Wife Liutgard 46 47
AKA: Luitgard
Born: Abt 910 - <Bidgau-Trier>
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Hedwig of Nordgau 48
Born: Between 922 and 937
Christened:
Died: 993
Buried:
Spouse: Siegfried of Luxembourg (Abt 0922-0988) 49
Marr: Abt 950
2 M Hugo V Count in Nordgau 46
Born: Abt 928 - <Nordgau, (Bavaria), (Germany)>
Christened:
Died: Bef 986
Buried:
Research Notes: Wife - Liutgard
Her parents were probably not Wigeric and Cunigonde. From Wikipedia (Wigeric of Lotharingia ):
"Some genealogies record two other children, Henry and Liutgard, who were in fact son and daughter of another Wigeric, son of Roric, a contemporary living in the shire of Bidgau-Trier."
Husband Ebles Mancer Count of Poitou
Born: 868 - <Poittou, (Vienne), France>
Christened:
Died: 932
Buried:
Father: Ranulf II Count of Poitou, Duke of Aquitaine (Abt 0855-0890)
Mother:
Marriage: 911
Other Spouse: Aremburge ( - ) 50 - 892
Events
• Count of Poitou: 890-892, 903.
Wife Emiliane 50
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
Research Notes: Husband - Ebles Mancer Count of Poitou
Per Ancestral Roots, line 144A-18, "bastard of Ranulf II by Ermengarde, prob. a concubine"
Research Notes: Wife - Emiliane
Husband Uchtred the Bold Earl of Northumbria 21 22 23
AKA: Ughtred of Northumbria, Uhtred of Bamburgh, Uhtred Earl of Northumbria
Born: Abt 971
Christened:
Died: 1016
Buried:
Father: Waltheof of Bamburgh (Abt 0960- ) 21 51
Mother:
Marriage:
Other Spouse: Ælfgifu (Abt 0997- ) 5 24
Wife Ecgfrida 21 26
AKA: Eggfrida
Born: Abt 973 - <England>
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Aldhun of Durham (Abt 0959-Abt 1018) 52
Mother:
Children
1 M Ealdred Earl of Bernicia 26 27 28
AKA: Aldred of Bernicia, Ealdred Earl of Bamburgh
Born: Abt 994 - <Bernicia, Northumbria>, England
Christened:
Died: 1038
Buried:
Death Notes: Husband - Uchtred the Bold Earl of Northumbria
Assassinated by Thurbrand the Hold
Research Notes: Husband - Uchtred the Bold Earl of Northumbria
3rd husband of Ælfgifu
From Wikipedia - Uhtred of Bamburgh :
Uchtred or Uhtred, called the Bold, was the ealdorman of all Northumbria from 1006 to 1016, when he was assassinated. He was the son of Waltheof I , ealdorman of Bamburgh , whose ancient family had ruled from the castle of Bamburgh on the Northumbrian coast.
In 995, according to Symeon of Durham , when the remains of St Cuthbert were transferred from Chester-le-Street to Durham , Uhtred helped the monks clear the site of the new cathedral. The new cathedral was founded by Bishop Aldhun , and Uhtred married Aldhun's daughter, Ecgfrida, probably at about this time. From his marriage he received several estates that had belonged to the church. [1]
In 1006 Malcolm II of Scotland invaded Northumbria and besieged the newly founded episcopal city of Durham . At that time the Danes were raiding southern England and King Ethelred was unable to send help to the Northumbrians. Ealdorman Waltheof was too old to fight and remained in his castle at Bamburgh . Ealdorman Ælfhelm of York also took no action. Uhtred, acting for his father, called together an army from Bernicia and Yorkshire and led it against the Scots. The result was a decisive victory for Uhtred. Local women washed the severed heads of the Scots, receiving a payment of a cow for each, and the heads were fixed on stakes to Durham's walls. Uhtred was rewarded by King Ethelred II with the ealdormanry of Bamburgh even though his father was still alive. In the mean time, Ethelred had had Ealdorman Ælfhelm of York murdered, and he allowed Uhtred to succeed Ælfhelm as ealdorman of York, thus uniting northern and souther Northumbria under the house of Bamburgh. It seems likely that Ethelred did not trust the Scandinavian population of southern Northumbria and wanted an Anglo-Saxon in power there. [2]
After receiving these honours Uhtred dismissed his wife, Ecgfrida, and married Sige, daughter of Styr, son of Ulf. Styr was a rich citizen of York. It appears that Uhtred was trying to make political allies amongst the Danes in Deira. [2]
In 1013 King Sweyn of Denmark invaded England, sailing up the Humber and Trent to the town of Gainsborough . Uhtred submitted to him there, as did all of the Danes in the north. In July 1013 Ethelred was forced into exile in Normandy. After London had finally submitted to him, Swein was accepted as king by Christmas 1013. However he only reigned for five weeks, for he died at, or near, Gainsborough on 2 February 1014. At Sweyn's death, Ethelred was able to return from exile and resume his reign. Uhtred, along with many others, transferred his allegiance back to Ethelred, on his return. Uhtred also married Ethelred's daughter Ælfgifu about this time. [2]
In 1016 Uhtred campaigned with Ethelred's son Edmund Ironside in Cheshire and the surrounding shires. While Uhtred was away from his lands, Sweyn's son, Cnut , invaded Yorkshire. Cnut's forces were too strong for Uhtred to fight, and so Uhtred did homage to him as King of England . Uhtred was summoned to a meeting with Cnut, and on the way there, he and forty of his men were murdered by Thurbrand the Hold, with the connivance of Cnut. Uhtred was succeeded in Bernicia by his brother Eadwulf Cudel . Cnut made the Norwegian, Eric of Hlathir , ealdorman ("earl" in Scandinavian terms) in southern Northumbria. [1]
The killing of Uhtred by Thurbrand the Hold started a blood feud that lasted for many years. Uhtred's son Ealdred subsequently avenged his father by killing Thurbrand, but Ealdred in turn was killed by Thurbrand's son, Carl. Eadred's vengeance had to wait until the 1070s, when Waltheof , Eadred's grandson had his soldiers kill most of Carl's sons and grandsons. This is an example of the notorious Northumbrian blood feuds that were common at this time. [3]
Uhtred's dynasty continued to reign in Bernicia through Ealdred (killed 1038) his son from his marriage to Ecgfrida, and Eadulf (killed 1041) his son from his marriage to Sige, and briefly Eadulf's son Osulf held the earldom of northern Northumbria 1067 until he too was killed. Uhtred's marriage to Ælfgifu produced a daughter, Ealdgyth, who married Maldred, brother of Duncan I of Scotland and who gave birth to a son, Gospatric , who was Earl of Northumbria from 1068 to 1072. [4]
Research Notes: Wife - Ecgfrida
Death Notes: Child - Ealdred Earl of Bernicia
Murdered by his cousin Carl, son of Thurbrand the Hold
Husband Edward I "the Elder" King of England 53 54 55
AKA: Eadweard se Ieldra King of England
Born: Between 871 and 875 - Wessex, England
Christened:
Died: 17 Jul 924 or 925 - Fardon-on-Dee, Cheshire, England
Buried: - New Minster, Winchester, England
Father: Alfred the Great King of Wessex, King of England (Between 0847/0849-0899) 56 57 58
Mother: Ealhswith of the Gaini, Queen of the Anglo-Saxons (Abt 0852-0904/0905) 59 60 61
Marriage: Abt 893
Other Spouse: Elfreda (Abt 0878- ) 34 54 62 - 899
Other Spouse: Eadgifu (Abt 0881-0968) 63 64 - Abt 919
Events
• King of England: 899-924.
Wife Ecgwynn
AKA: Egwina
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
Research Notes: Husband - Edward I "the Elder" King of England
From Wikipedia - Edward the Elder :
Edward I the Elder (Old English : se Ieldra) (c. 870 - 17 July 924 ) was King of England (899 - 924 ). He was the son of Alfred the Great (Ælfr se Gr) and Alfred's wife, Ealhswith , and became King of Wessex upon his father's death in 899 .
Family
Edward had four siblings, including Ethelfleda , Queen of the Mercians and Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders .
King Edward had about fourteen children from three marriages, and may have had illegitimate children too.
Edward married (although the exact status of the union is uncertain) a young woman of low birth called Ecgwynn around 893 , and they became the parents of the future King Athelstan and a daughter who married Sihtric , King of Dublin and York in 926. Nothing is known about Ecgwynn other than her name, which was not even recorded until after the Conquest . [5][6]
When he became king in 899 , Edward set Ecgwynn aside and married Ælfflæd , a daughter of Æthelhelm, the ealdorman of Wiltshire . [7] Their son was the future king, Ælfweard , and their daughter Eadgyth married Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor . The couples other children included five more daughters: Edgiva aka Edgifu, whose first marriage was to Charles the Simple ; Eadhild, who married Hugh the Great , Duke of Paris; Ælfgifu who married Conrad King of Burgundy; and two nuns Eadflæd and Eadhild. According to the entry on Boleslaus II of Bohemia , the daughter Adiva (referred to in the entry for Eadgyth ) was his wife. A son, Edwin Ætheling who drowned in 933[8] was possibly Ælfflæd's child, but that is not clear.
Edward married for a third time, about 919 , to Edgiva , aka Eadgifu,[7] the daughter of Sigehelm, the ealdorman of Kent . They had two sons who survived infancy, Edmund and Edred , and two daughters, one of whom was Saint Edburga of Winchester the other daughter, Eadgifu, married Louis d'Aveugle, King of Arles.
Eadgifu outlived her husband and her sons, and was alive during the reign of her grandson, King Edgar . William of Malmsbury 's history De antiquitate Glastonie ecclesiae claims that Edward's second wife, Aelffaed, was also alive after Edward's death, but this is the only known source for that claim.
Research Notes: Wife - Ecgwynn
Source: Wikipedia - Edward the Elder. Edward's first wife.
Source: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. by William R. Beall & Kaleen E. Beall (Baltimore, 2008), line 1-15 (Edward I). Burke's Peerage, 1967 edition, calls Egwina his mistress.
Sources
1. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 1-19.
2. Wikipedia.org, Edmund Ironside. Cit. Date: 5 Oct 2009.
3. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 1-18, 34-19.
4. Wikipedia.org, Ethelred "the Unready."
5. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 17 Jul 2009.
6. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 1-18 (Ethelred II).
7. Wikipedia.org, Ælfgifu of York.
8. Wikipedia.org, Ealdgyth (floruit 1015–1016).
9. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 1-19 (Edmund II).
10. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 1-20.
11. Wikipedia.org, Edward the Exile.
12. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 241-6, , 1-20 (Edward the Exile), 158-23 (Eustace III).
13. Wikipedia.org, Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile.
14. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 172-20.
15. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 20 Jul 2009.
16. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 170-19. Cit. Date: 10 Apr 2009.
17. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n_of_Dunkeld.
18. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 170-19, 172-19.
19. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethoc.
20. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 34-21.
21. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 21 Jul 2009.
22. Wikipedia.org, Uhtred of Bamburgh.
23. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 34-20 (Ælfgifu).
24. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 176A-3 (Aelfgar).
25. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 38-22.
26. Wikipedia.org, Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh.
27. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 130-25 (Judith of Lens).
28. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 28 Jul 2009.
29. Wikipedia.org, Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria.
30. Wikipedia.org, Siward, Earl of Northumbria.
31. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 13-25 (Judith of Lens).
32. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 26 Jul 2009.
33. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 155-22 (Henry II).
34. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 31 Jul 2009.
35. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 155-22.
36. Wikipedia.org, Godfrey I of Leuven, Henry III of Leuven.
37. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 146-15, 250-15.
38. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871877.
39. Wikipedia.org, Louis the Pious.
40. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 140-14, 148-14.
41. Wikipedia.org, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou.
42. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3174654&id=I593871724.
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