Private
Husband Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Father: Private Mother: Private
Marriage:
Wife (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 M Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Research Notes: Husband - Iulus Ascanius King of Alba Longa [Mythological]
From Wikipedia - Ascanius :
In Greek and Roman mythology , Ascanius was the son of Aeneas and Creusa . After the Trojan War , as the city burned, Aeneas escaped to Latium in Italy , taking his father Anchises and his child Ascanius with him, though Creusa died during the escape. Ascanius later fought in the Italian Wars. Virgil 's Aeneid says he had a role in the founding of Rome as the first king of Alba Longa .
According to another legend mentioned by Livy , Ascanius may have been the son of Aeneas and Lavinia and thus born in Latium , not Troy . Thirty years after the founding of Lavinium, Ascanius founded Alba Longa . He had a son or grandson called Aeneas Silvius .
Ascanius was also called Iulus or Julus. The Gens Julia , or the Julians , the clan to which Julius Caesar belonged, claimed to have been descended from Ascanius/Iulus, his father Aeneas, and, ultimately, the goddess Venus , the mother of Aeneas in myth, his father being the mortal Anchises.
The name Iulus was popularised by Virgil in the Aeneid : replacing the Greek name Ascanius with Iulus linked the Julian family of Rome to earlier mythology. The emperor Augustus , who commissioned the work, was a great patron of the arts. As a member of the Julian family, he could claim to have three major Olympian gods in his family tree: (Venus; Jupiter ; and Mars ), so he encouraged his many poets to emphasize his supposed descent from Aeneas.
Ascanius, in the Aeneid, first used the phrase "annue coeptis ," the root phrase of what later became a motto of the United States of America.
Ivan Vladislav Tsar of West Bulgaria
Husband Ivan Vladislav Tsar of West Bulgaria 1
AKA: John Vladislav Tsar of West Bulgaria Born: Christened: Died: 1018 Buried:Marriage:
Wife
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 M Trojan of Bulgaria 1
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Ivar "Hvide"
Husband Ivar "Hvide" 2
Born: Abt 999 - <Opland, Norway> Christened: Died: Buried:Marriage:
Wife
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 M Haakon Ivarsson 2
Born: Abt 1031 - <Norway> Christened: Died: Buried:Spouse: Ragnhild Magnusdatter Princess of Norway (Abt 1041- ) 2 Marr: 1062 - Norway
Ivo
Husband Ivo 3
Born: Abt 1124 - <Braybrook, Northamptonshire>, England Christened: Died: Buried:Marriage:
Wife
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 F Aubrey 3
AKA: Albreda Born: Abt 1150 - <Braybrook, Northamptonshire>, England Christened: Died: Buried:Spouse: Ingebald de Braybrooke (Abt 1146- ) 3 Marr: Abt 1168 - Braybrook, Northamptonshire, England
Private and Private
Husband Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Father: Private Mother: Private
Marriage:
Other Spouse: Private
Wife Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 M Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:Spouse: Private
Death Notes: Husband - Jacob
Supposedly lived 147 years.
Research Notes: Husband - Jacob
From Wikipedia - Jacob :
Jacob (Hebrew : Standard Ya; Septuagint Greek : "heel" or "leg-puller"), also known as Israel (Hebrew : Standard Yisra, Isr; Septuagint Greek : "struggler with God"; pronounced /'d?e?k?b/ [1]), was the third Biblical patriarch and ancestor of the twelve tribes of Israel , named after ten of his twelve sons, as well as the two sons of his son Joseph.
The Bible says he was the son of Isaac and Rebecca , the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and of Bethuel , and the twin brother of Esau . He had twelve sons and one daughter by his two wives , Leah and Rachel , and their maidservants, Bilhah and Zilpah . The children were Reuben , Simeon , Levi , Judah , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Issachar , Zebulun , daughter Dinah , Joseph , and Benjamin .[2] Before the birth of Benjamin, Jacob is renamed "Israel" by an angel, the name after which the modern nation of Israel is named.
As a result of a severe famine in Canaan , Jacob resettled his whole family in Egypt , in the Land of Goshen , at the time when his son Joseph was viceroy. Jacob died there 17 years later, and Joseph carried Jacob's remains to the land of Canaan, where he gave them stately burial in the same Cave of Machpelah as were buried Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebecca and Jacob's wife Leah (Genesis 49:29-50:14 ).
[edit ] Jacob's marriages
At Haran, Jacob saw a well where the shepherds were gathering their flocks to water them, and met Laban's younger daughter Rachel, Jacob's first cousin ; she was working as a shepherdess. He loved her immediately, and after spending a month with his relatives, asked for her hand in marriage in return for working seven years for Laban. Laban agreed to the arrangement. These seven years seemed to Jacob "but a few days, for the love he had for her"; but when they were complete and he asked for his wife, Laban deceived Jacob by switching Rachel's older sister, Leah, as the veiled bride.
According to the Midrash , both Jacob and Rachel suspected that Laban would pull such a trick; Laban was known as the "Aramean" (deceiver), and changed Jacob's wages ten times during his employ (Genesis 31:7). The couple therefore devised a series of signs by which Jacob could identify the veiled bride on his wedding night. But when Rachel saw her sister being taken out to the wedding canopy, her heart went out to her for the public shame Leah would suffer if she were exposed. Rachel therefore gave Leah the signs so that Jacob would not realize the switch.
In the morning, when the truth became known, Laban justified himself, saying that in his country it was unheard of to give the younger daughter before the older. However, he agreed to give Rachel in marriage as well if Jacob would work another seven years for her. After the week of wedding celebrations with Leah, Jacob married Rachel, and he continued to work for Laban for another seven years.
Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah, and Leah felt hated. God opened Leah's womb and she gave birth to four sons rapidly: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah. Rachel, however, remained barren. Following the example of Sarah, who gave her handmaid to Abraham after years of infertility, Rachel gave Jacob her handmaid, Bilhah, in marriage, so that Rachel could raise children through her. Bilhah gave birth to Dan and Naphtali. Seeing that she had left off childbearing temporarily, Leah then gave her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob in marriage so that Leah could raise more children through her. Zilpah gave birth to Gad and Asher. (According to some commentators, Bilhah and Zilpah were younger daughters of Laban.) Afterwards, Leah became fertile again and gave birth to Issachar, Zebulun, and Dinah. God remembered Rachel, who gave birth to Joseph. If pregnancies of different marriages overlapped, the twelve births could have occurred within seven years.
After Joseph was born, Jacob decided to return home to his parents. Laban was reluctant to release him, as God had blessed his flock on account of Jacob. Laban asked what he could pay Jacob, and Jacob proposed that all the spotted, speckled, and brown goats and sheep of Laban's flock, at any given moment, would be his wages. Jacob placed peeled rods of poplar, hazel, and chestnut within the flocks' watering holes or troughs, an action he later attributes to a dream. The text suggests that Jacob performed breeding experiments over the years to make his own flocks both more abundant and stronger than Laban's, that Laban responded by repeatedly reinterpreting the terms of Jacob's wages, and that the breeding favored Jacob regardless of Laban's pronouncements. Thus Jacob's herds increased and he became very wealthy.
As time passed, Laban's sons noticed that Jacob was taking the better part of their flocks, and Laban's friendly attitude towards Jacob began to change. God told Jacob that he should leave, and he and his wives and children did so without informing Laban. Before they left, Rachel stole the teraphim , considered to be household idols, from Laban's house.
In a rage, Laban pursued Jacob for seven days. The night before he caught up to him, God appeared to Laban in a dream and warned him not to say anything good or bad to Jacob. When the two met, Laban played the part of the injured father-in-law and also demanded his teraphim back. Knowing nothing about Rachel's theft, Jacob told Laban that whoever stole them should die, and stood aside to let him search. When Laban reached Rachel's tent, she hid the teraphim by sitting on them and stating she could not get up because she was menstruating ; this event was considered by the Biblical audience as conveying significant defilement upon the teraphim. Jacob and Laban then parted from each other with a pact to preserve the peace between them. Laban returned to his home and Jacob continued on his way.
[edit ] Joseph in Egypt
Joseph was separated from his father Jacob at the age of 17 when his brothers, who had been jealous of his dreams of kingship over them, sold him to traders heading down to Egypt, then-capital of the slave trade. Jacob was deeply grieved by the loss of his favorite son, and refused to be comforted. Unbeknownst to the family, Joseph was sold as a slave to Potiphar, Pharaoh 's chief butcher. He resisted the advances of his master's wife for a long time until she accosted him and then accused him of trying to rape her; he was then thrown into prison.
After Joseph had spent twelve years in prison, the Pharaoh of Egypt had two troubling dreams, and his butler recalled having met Joseph, a successful interpreter of dreams, in Pharaoh's prison. Joseph was called from prison and interpreted the dreams as prophesying seven years each of abundance and famine; Pharaoh was so impressed that he made Joseph viceroy (second in command) over Egypt and the manager of Egypt's grain stores, due to the prophecy of famine. When the prophesied famine struck throughout the known world, Joseph sold stored grain to men of all nations.
In the first year of famine, Jacob sent ten sons to Egypt, excluding Benjamin, to procure grain for their starving families (Genesis 42:3 ). Joseph recognized them but did not reveal himself to them; desirous to see his full brother Benjamin, of whom they had spoken, Joseph accused them of being spies, imprisoned Simeon as a hostage, and demanded Benjamin be produced to verify their claims. Jacob was distraught by this news, concluding that Simeon was as lost as Joseph, and refusing to send Benjamin, even in response to a rash vow by Reuben. Benjamin is taken to represent all that is left to Jacob of his favorite wife's children.
When famine worsened the second year and food stores ran out, Judah pledged his own honor to Jacob that he would protect Benjamin from harm, and Jacob relented and sent the brothers again. On meeting them, Joseph threatened to imprison Benjamin, but Judah offered himself in Benjamin's place. Interpreters say Joseph had tested his brothers with this threat and recognized that Judah passed the test, by refusing to sell Rachel's son into slavery as he had done once before. Overcome with emotion, Joseph revealed himself to his brothers and provided for them to move Jacob's entire family to Egypt.
Jacob's family, including 66 direct descendants, were housed by Joseph in the Egyptian province of Goshen . Jacob's final 17 years were spent in peace and tranquility in Egypt, with all 12 sons.
Jacob adopted Joseph's two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, as his own. Anticipating his death, he blessed each of his 12 sons with varying blessings he deemed appropriate. It has been understood that Judah, the fourth born, received the primary blessing, due to Reuben's incest and Simeon's and Levi's betrayal. Jacob also made Joseph promise that he would bury him in the Cave of the Patriarchs (with Leah, and Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, and Rebecca; Rachel was buried at Bethlehem). According to the Midrash,[22] he desired to tell his sons the exact date when the Messiah would arrive, but the prophecy fails him. Another tradition states that the two lines of the Shema Yisrael were exchanged, the sons proclaiming their righteousness to "Yisrael" (Jacob), and Jacob blessing God's name responsively. The first line is actually Deuteronomy 6:4 and the response was instituted by the rabbis, and the chant is central to Jewish prayer services.
After giving these instructions, Jacob died at the age of 147 (Genesis 47:28). With Pharaoh's permission, Joseph had Jacob meticulously embalmed and led a huge state funeral back to Canaan, with the twelve sons carrying their father's coffin and many Egyptian officials accompanying them.
[edit ] Sons of Jacob
See also: Israelite
Jacob's wives had twelve sons and one daughter: Reuben (Genesis 29:32 ), Simeon (Genesis 29:33 ), Levi (Genesis 29:34 ), Judah (Genesis 29:35 ), Dan (Genesis 30:5 ), Naphtali (Genesis 30:7 ), Gad (Genesis 30:10 ), Asher (Genesis 30:12 ), Issachar (Genesis 30:17 ), Zebulun (Genesis 30:19 ), Dinah (Genesis 30:21 ), Joseph (Genesis 30:23 ), and Benjamin (Genesis 35:18 ).
Private and Private
Husband Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Father: Private Mother: Private
Marriage:
Other Spouse: Private
Wife Private (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
Death Notes: Husband - Jacob
Supposedly lived 147 years.
Research Notes: Husband - Jacob
From Wikipedia - Jacob :
Jacob (Hebrew : Standard Ya; Septuagint Greek : "heel" or "leg-puller"), also known as Israel (Hebrew : Standard Yisra, Isr; Septuagint Greek : "struggler with God"; pronounced /'d?e?k?b/ [1]), was the third Biblical patriarch and ancestor of the twelve tribes of Israel , named after ten of his twelve sons, as well as the two sons of his son Joseph.
The Bible says he was the son of Isaac and Rebecca , the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and of Bethuel , and the twin brother of Esau . He had twelve sons and one daughter by his two wives , Leah and Rachel , and their maidservants, Bilhah and Zilpah . The children were Reuben , Simeon , Levi , Judah , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Issachar , Zebulun , daughter Dinah , Joseph , and Benjamin .[2] Before the birth of Benjamin, Jacob is renamed "Israel" by an angel, the name after which the modern nation of Israel is named.
As a result of a severe famine in Canaan , Jacob resettled his whole family in Egypt , in the Land of Goshen , at the time when his son Joseph was viceroy. Jacob died there 17 years later, and Joseph carried Jacob's remains to the land of Canaan, where he gave them stately burial in the same Cave of Machpelah as were buried Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebecca and Jacob's wife Leah (Genesis 49:29-50:14 ).
[edit ] Jacob's marriages
At Haran, Jacob saw a well where the shepherds were gathering their flocks to water them, and met Laban's younger daughter Rachel, Jacob's first cousin ; she was working as a shepherdess. He loved her immediately, and after spending a month with his relatives, asked for her hand in marriage in return for working seven years for Laban. Laban agreed to the arrangement. These seven years seemed to Jacob "but a few days, for the love he had for her"; but when they were complete and he asked for his wife, Laban deceived Jacob by switching Rachel's older sister, Leah, as the veiled bride.
According to the Midrash , both Jacob and Rachel suspected that Laban would pull such a trick; Laban was known as the "Aramean" (deceiver), and changed Jacob's wages ten times during his employ (Genesis 31:7). The couple therefore devised a series of signs by which Jacob could identify the veiled bride on his wedding night. But when Rachel saw her sister being taken out to the wedding canopy, her heart went out to her for the public shame Leah would suffer if she were exposed. Rachel therefore gave Leah the signs so that Jacob would not realize the switch.
In the morning, when the truth became known, Laban justified himself, saying that in his country it was unheard of to give the younger daughter before the older. However, he agreed to give Rachel in marriage as well if Jacob would work another seven years for her. After the week of wedding celebrations with Leah, Jacob married Rachel, and he continued to work for Laban for another seven years.
Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah, and Leah felt hated. God opened Leah's womb and she gave birth to four sons rapidly: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah. Rachel, however, remained barren. Following the example of Sarah, who gave her handmaid to Abraham after years of infertility, Rachel gave Jacob her handmaid, Bilhah, in marriage, so that Rachel could raise children through her. Bilhah gave birth to Dan and Naphtali. Seeing that she had left off childbearing temporarily, Leah then gave her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob in marriage so that Leah could raise more children through her. Zilpah gave birth to Gad and Asher. (According to some commentators, Bilhah and Zilpah were younger daughters of Laban.) Afterwards, Leah became fertile again and gave birth to Issachar, Zebulun, and Dinah. God remembered Rachel, who gave birth to Joseph. If pregnancies of different marriages overlapped, the twelve births could have occurred within seven years.
After Joseph was born, Jacob decided to return home to his parents. Laban was reluctant to release him, as God had blessed his flock on account of Jacob. Laban asked what he could pay Jacob, and Jacob proposed that all the spotted, speckled, and brown goats and sheep of Laban's flock, at any given moment, would be his wages. Jacob placed peeled rods of poplar, hazel, and chestnut within the flocks' watering holes or troughs, an action he later attributes to a dream. The text suggests that Jacob performed breeding experiments over the years to make his own flocks both more abundant and stronger than Laban's, that Laban responded by repeatedly reinterpreting the terms of Jacob's wages, and that the breeding favored Jacob regardless of Laban's pronouncements. Thus Jacob's herds increased and he became very wealthy.
As time passed, Laban's sons noticed that Jacob was taking the better part of their flocks, and Laban's friendly attitude towards Jacob began to change. God told Jacob that he should leave, and he and his wives and children did so without informing Laban. Before they left, Rachel stole the teraphim , considered to be household idols, from Laban's house.
In a rage, Laban pursued Jacob for seven days. The night before he caught up to him, God appeared to Laban in a dream and warned him not to say anything good or bad to Jacob. When the two met, Laban played the part of the injured father-in-law and also demanded his teraphim back. Knowing nothing about Rachel's theft, Jacob told Laban that whoever stole them should die, and stood aside to let him search. When Laban reached Rachel's tent, she hid the teraphim by sitting on them and stating she could not get up because she was menstruating ; this event was considered by the Biblical audience as conveying significant defilement upon the teraphim. Jacob and Laban then parted from each other with a pact to preserve the peace between them. Laban returned to his home and Jacob continued on his way.
[edit ] Joseph in Egypt
Joseph was separated from his father Jacob at the age of 17 when his brothers, who had been jealous of his dreams of kingship over them, sold him to traders heading down to Egypt, then-capital of the slave trade. Jacob was deeply grieved by the loss of his favorite son, and refused to be comforted. Unbeknownst to the family, Joseph was sold as a slave to Potiphar, Pharaoh 's chief butcher. He resisted the advances of his master's wife for a long time until she accosted him and then accused him of trying to rape her; he was then thrown into prison.
After Joseph had spent twelve years in prison, the Pharaoh of Egypt had two troubling dreams, and his butler recalled having met Joseph, a successful interpreter of dreams, in Pharaoh's prison. Joseph was called from prison and interpreted the dreams as prophesying seven years each of abundance and famine; Pharaoh was so impressed that he made Joseph viceroy (second in command) over Egypt and the manager of Egypt's grain stores, due to the prophecy of famine. When the prophesied famine struck throughout the known world, Joseph sold stored grain to men of all nations.
In the first year of famine, Jacob sent ten sons to Egypt, excluding Benjamin, to procure grain for their starving families (Genesis 42:3 ). Joseph recognized them but did not reveal himself to them; desirous to see his full brother Benjamin, of whom they had spoken, Joseph accused them of being spies, imprisoned Simeon as a hostage, and demanded Benjamin be produced to verify their claims. Jacob was distraught by this news, concluding that Simeon was as lost as Joseph, and refusing to send Benjamin, even in response to a rash vow by Reuben. Benjamin is taken to represent all that is left to Jacob of his favorite wife's children.
When famine worsened the second year and food stores ran out, Judah pledged his own honor to Jacob that he would protect Benjamin from harm, and Jacob relented and sent the brothers again. On meeting them, Joseph threatened to imprison Benjamin, but Judah offered himself in Benjamin's place. Interpreters say Joseph had tested his brothers with this threat and recognized that Judah passed the test, by refusing to sell Rachel's son into slavery as he had done once before. Overcome with emotion, Joseph revealed himself to his brothers and provided for them to move Jacob's entire family to Egypt.
Jacob's family, including 66 direct descendants, were housed by Joseph in the Egyptian province of Goshen . Jacob's final 17 years were spent in peace and tranquility in Egypt, with all 12 sons.
Jacob adopted Joseph's two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, as his own. Anticipating his death, he blessed each of his 12 sons with varying blessings he deemed appropriate. It has been understood that Judah, the fourth born, received the primary blessing, due to Reuben's incest and Simeon's and Levi's betrayal. Jacob also made Joseph promise that he would bury him in the Cave of the Patriarchs (with Leah, and Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, and Rebecca; Rachel was buried at Bethlehem). According to the Midrash,[22] he desired to tell his sons the exact date when the Messiah would arrive, but the prophecy fails him. Another tradition states that the two lines of the Shema Yisrael were exchanged, the sons proclaiming their righteousness to "Yisrael" (Jacob), and Jacob blessing God's name responsively. The first line is actually Deuteronomy 6:4 and the response was instituted by the rabbis, and the chant is central to Jewish prayer services.
After giving these instructions, Jacob died at the age of 147 (Genesis 47:28). With Pharaoh's permission, Joseph had Jacob meticulously embalmed and led a huge state funeral back to Canaan, with the twelve sons carrying their father's coffin and many Egyptian officials accompanying them.
[edit ] Sons of Jacob
See also: Israelite
Jacob's wives had twelve sons and one daughter: Reuben (Genesis 29:32 ), Simeon (Genesis 29:33 ), Levi (Genesis 29:34 ), Judah (Genesis 29:35 ), Dan (Genesis 30:5 ), Naphtali (Genesis 30:7 ), Gad (Genesis 30:10 ), Asher (Genesis 30:12 ), Issachar (Genesis 30:17 ), Zebulun (Genesis 30:19 ), Dinah (Genesis 30:21 ), Joseph (Genesis 30:23 ), and Benjamin (Genesis 35:18 ).
Research Notes: Wife - Rachel
FamilySearch.org Disc #94 Pin #98689 (submitted by Samuel Taylor "Sam" Geer)
Jacquetta of Luxembourg
Husband (details suppressed for this person)
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:Marriage:
Wife Jacquetta of Luxembourg 4
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 F Jacquetta Woodville 4
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:Spouse: John L'Estrange ( - ) 4
James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary
Husband James I of Aragon 5
AKA: James I "the Conqueror" King of Aragon Born: 2 Feb 1208 Christened: Died: 27 Jul 1276 Buried:Marriage: 1235
Wife Violant of Hungary 6
AKA: Yolanda de Hungría Born: Abt 1216 Christened: Died: 1253 Buried: - Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona, Lleida, Catalonia
Father: Andrew II of Hungary (Abt 1177-1235) 7 Mother: Yolanda de Courtenay (Abt 1200-1233) 8
Children
1 F Yolanda of Aragon 9
AKA: Violant of Aragon, Violante of Aragon Born: 1236 - Zaragoza, Aragon (Zaragoza), (Spain) Christened: Died: 1301 - Roncevalles Buried:Spouse: Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Galicia, Castile and León (1221-1284) 10 Marr: 26 Dec 1246 - Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Research Notes: Husband - James I of Aragon
From Wikipedia - James I of Aragon :
James I the Conqueror (Catalan : Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese : Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish : Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan : Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 - 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon , Count of Barcelona , and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France , he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia .
As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar ,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean . He was an important figure in the development of Catalan , sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets .
Early life and reign until majority
James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary , heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene . As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence , where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III , who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne , in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento .
James was then sent to Monzón , where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon , the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon , and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño . The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza .[2]
In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England . The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[3]
Acquisition of Urgell
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax , the heiress of Ermengol VIII , who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida , probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.[4] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal .
Relations with France and Navarre
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre , who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne . James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[5] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees , to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire . As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil , signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
Reconquest
After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea , where he conquered Majorca on 10 September in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.
During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia , on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile . On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia . James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
Crusade of 1269
The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan ) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade .[6] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan , who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia , made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr , the Sultan of Granada , and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes . According to the continuator of William of Tyre , he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade.
James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez , who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre , where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars , the Mameluke sultan of Egypt , had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee . James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily , where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou .
Patronage of art, learning, and literature
James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida , which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles .[8]
James was a patron of the University of Montpellier , which owed much of its development to his impetus.[9] He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV , but it did not develop as splendidly.[10] In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani , a prominent converso .
James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."[11] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome .
James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great . It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak , which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.[12]
Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.[13] In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade , many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort , James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible .[14]
Succession
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez , who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter , the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.
In his Will James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary : the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James , the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya ) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet , but he died at Valencia on 27 July.
Marriages and children
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England . Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:
Alfonso (1229-1260), married Constance of Montcada , Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda , daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:
Yolanda , also known as Violant, (1236-1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239-1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena , son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240-1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243-1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245-1250)
Sancha (1246-1251)
Isabella (1247-1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248-1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250-1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure , but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.
James (c.1255-1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259-1318), lord of Ayerbe
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fail.
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.
By Blanca d'Antillón:
Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240-1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:
Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:
Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
Research Notes: Wife - Violant of Hungary
From Wikipedia - Violant of Hungary :
Violant of Hungary (Esztergom , Kingdom of Hungary , c. 1216 - 1253) was Queen consort of James I of Aragon . She is also called Jolánta in Hungarian , Iolanda or Violant d'Hongria in Catalan and Yolanda or Violante de Hungría in Spanish .
Family
Violant was a daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and Violant of Courtenay . Her paternal grandparents were Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch . Her maternal grandparents were Peter II of Courtenay and his second wife Yolanda of Flanders .
Violant was a half-sister of Anne Marie, Empress of Bulgaria , Béla IV of Hungary , Saint Elisabeth of Hungary and Coloman of Lodomeria .
Violant's mother died in 1233, when Violant was seventeen years old. Her father remarried, to Beatrice d'Este , they had a son called Stephen.
Marriage
Violant married James I in 1235, being his second wife. By the marriage, Violant became Queen Consort of Aragon . James already had one son, Alfonso by his first marriage to Eleanor of Castile . James however divorced Eleanor and decided to remarry, he chose Violant.[1] [2]
James and Violant had ten children:
Violant of Aragon (1236-1301), queen of Castile by her marriage to Alphonse X .
Constance of Aragon (1239-1269), infanta of Castile by her marriage to Juan Manuel of Castile , son of Ferdinand III of Castile .
Peter III of Aragon (1240-1285).
James II of Majorca (1243-1311).
Ferdinand of Aragon (1245-1250).
Sancha of Aragon (1246-1251).
Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271), married Philip III of France
Maria of Aragon (1248-1267), nun.
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250-1275)
Eleanor of Aragon (1251-?, young)
Violant's daughter, Isabella became Queen of France by her marriage to Philip III of France . Isabella was mother of Philip IV of France and Charles of Valois .
Charles of Valois was father of Philip VI of France , Isabella, Duchess of Bourbon and Blanche, Queen of Germany .
Violant died in 1253. Violant and her daughter Sancha's remains are at the monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona in Lleida , Catalonia .
Her husband remarried one more time, to Teresa Gil de Vidaure , who was once James' mistress.
John Wilmot and Jane
Husband John Wilmot
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:Marriage:
Wife Jane
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 F Constant Wilmot
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:Spouse: John Ashman (Abt 1689-After 1731) Marr: 1713 or 1714
Research Notes: Husband - John Wilmot
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jsa3rd/AshmanAncestorsinAmerica.htm
Research Notes: Wife - Jane
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jsa3rd/AshmanAncestorsinAmerica.htm
Evan ap Robert Lewis of Vron Gôch farm, Lord of Rhiwlas and Jane
Husband Evan ap Robert Lewis of Vron Gôch farm, Lord of Rhiwlas 11 12
AKA: Evan Robert Lewis Born: Abt 1585 Christened: Died: Buried:
Father: Robert ap Lewis ap Griffith Lord of Rhiwlas ( - ) Mother:
Marriage:
Wife Jane
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Children
1 M Owen ap Evan of Vron Gôch farm 11 13
Born: Bef 1636 - <Fron Gôch, Penllyn, Merionethshire, Wales> Christened: Died: 1669 - Fron Gôch, Penllyn, Merionethshire, Wales Buried:Spouse: Gainor John ( -Abt 1682) 11 14
2 M Evan ap Evan of Vron Gôch farm, Merionethshire 15 16
Born: - <Vron Gôch, Penllyn, Merionethshire, Wales> Christened: Died: Buried:
3 M John ap Evan 13
Born: Christened: Died: Buried:
Research Notes: Husband - Evan ap Robert Lewis of Vron Gôch farm, Lord of Rhiwlas
Source: Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania by Charles H. Browning (Philadelphia, 1912), p. 282
Research Notes: Wife - Jane
Source: Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania by Charles H. Browning (Philadelphia, 1912), p. 282
Sources
1. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 45-27 (Philip II).
2. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 25 Jul 2009.
3. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 11 Aug 2009.
4. Wikipedia.org, George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
5. Wikipedia.org, James I of Aragon. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
6. Wikipedia.org, Violant of Hungary. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
7. Wikipedia.org, Andrew II of Hungary. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
8. Wikipedia.org, Yolanda de Courtenay. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
9. Wikipedia.org, Violant of Aragon. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
10. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso X of Castile. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
11. Browning, Charles H, Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania. (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1912.), p. 282.
12. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168. (Digitized by Google)
13. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
14. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168-169. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
15. Browning, Charles H, Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania. (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1912.), p. 284.
16. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," pp. 168-169. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
1 Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, <i>Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700</i> (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 45-27 (Philip II).
2 <i>http://www.familysearch.org</i>, Cit. Date: 25 Jul 2009.
3 <i>http://www.familysearch.org</i>, Cit. Date: 11 Aug 2009.
4 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange. Cit. Date: 15 Sep 2009.
5 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, James I of Aragon. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
6 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Violant of Hungary. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
7 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Andrew II of Hungary. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
8 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Yolanda de Courtenay. Cit. Date: 14 Sep 2009.
9 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Violant of Aragon. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
10 <i>Wikipedia.org</i>, Alfonso X of Castile. Cit. Date: 13 Sep 2009.
11 Browning, Charles H, <i>Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania.</i> (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1912.), p. 282.
12 <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.</i> (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168. (Digitized by Google)
13 <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.</i> (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
14 <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.</i> (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," p. 168-169. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
15 Browning, Charles H, <i>Welsh Settlement of Pensylvania.</i> (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1912.), p. 284.
16
<i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.</i> (Vol. 13. Philadelphia: Publication Fund of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1889.), Glenn, Thomas Allen, "Owen of Merion," pp. 168-169. Cit. Date: 15 Apr 2009.
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